How Russia was Christianized Essay

Religion, as one of the fundamental forms through which human beings make sense of their existence and experience, belongs to the intellectual and spiritual sphere of world-view, passion, or philosophy. Conversion to Christianity and gradual adaptation of the daily Christian rituals were a steps in continues process. Russian Christianization is a long-term, open-ended process; in other words, it was obliged to reinforce the Russian commitment to the faith through deeper understanding and performing daily rituals. Orthodox Christianity is the majority religion of Russia, estimates the number of adherents range from 55 to 80 percent. Russian Orthodoxy is an integral part of the Eastern Orthodox world and worldview (Ardichvili, 2006). The geographic reach of Eastern Orthodoxy today includes mostly Russia and the European part of the former USSR, Eastern Europe, and the eastern Mediterranean. For Russians, Orthodoxy is much more than simply a church; it is an entire way of life and culture (Clendenin, 2003). Russian approach to Christianity differed from Catholicism and Protestantism. It involved much singing and ritual and not much knowledge of the Bible. It also had a thick pagan substratum: peasants believed in wood spirits, sea demons and monsters of the lake. Orthodox teachings have stood the test of time; they are not teachings that serve popular culture. Russia’s state history as a history of its â€Å"core† people – the Russian people – is well known, and is a history of a Christian people. This paper provides a monograph on how Russia was Christianized. It shows how Russians are being molded by their belief as a whole. Further, it provides a deeper understanding of how Russians grows as a society through the Russia Orthodox Christianity. Russian Orthodox Christianity Orthodoxy came to Russia from Byzantium in A. D 988, when the ruler of Kievan Russ (precursor of modern Russia and Ukraine) Grand Prince Vladimir, converted to Christianity, married a sister of the Byzantine emperor, and started a rapid process of instituting Orthodoxy as the state religion. Having searched the world for a faith to unite his people, his emissaries to Constantinople returned awestruck. Orthodox worship possessed such beauty, they reported, and that they did not know if they were on earth or in heaven. Russians soon came to love and adore their new faith, taking Orthodoxy to heart and building numerous churches and monasteries. The church in Russia was governed by a hierarch appointed from Constantinople until the Turks sacked that city in 1453, leaving the Russians as the strongest defenders of Orthodoxy in the world. In 1472, Ivan III, the grand duke of Moscow, married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor (who had died in 1453). Ivan then took the title of czar-an adoption of Caesar-and Moscow began to consider itself â€Å"the third Rome. † Missionary activity spread Russian Orthodoxy throughout Siberia and beyond Russia’s borders to Alaska, Finland, Japan, and China. In effort to serve Russian emigrants around the world, the Russian Orthodox Church established dioceses in North America, Europe, and Japan. The Russian Church and state continued to play this central role in the Orthodox world for the next 450 years (Clendenin, 2003; Ware, 1997; World Fact Book, 2005). However, in 1917, the Bolshevik revolution resulted not only in abolition of Orthodoxy’s role as the state religion but also in destruction of thousands of churches and monasteries, and the deaths of millions of members of the clergy, monks, nuns, and lay believers. Communists, bent on creating a workers paradise in this world, fiercely attacked the church. Before the revolution, Russia boasted more than 50,000 churches and 160,000 priests. By late 1930s there were no more than 300 functioning churches. The clergy had been murdered or had died in the gulags, and only a skeleton crew of priests was allowed to serve such as the faithful. Outside communist Russia, the faithful suffered as they witnessed the tragic fate of the countless persecution of their church. Bishops in exile rallied around Metropolitan Antoni, forming a temporary church authority that took refuge first in Constantinople and, then, at the invitation of the Serbian patriarch, in Karlovei, Yugoslavia. The historical events of that year, 1917, caused the dispersion of millions of Russians worldwide, outside the borders of their native country. Back in Moscow, Patriarch Tikhon issued a decree supporting this action, though later, presumably under communist influence, he retracted it. The Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia chose to ignore the second decree, since Patriarch Tikhon issued it while under house arrest. He later died under circumstances so mysterious that he is now considered a martyr. One of his successors, Metropolitan Sergii, maintained correspondence with bishops abroad. This landed him in prison in 1926, where he stayed until he issued his now infamous â€Å"Declaration† in July 1927. In it, he demanded that all clergy abroad make a written promise of their loyalty to the Soviet government and declared that all Orthodox in the Soviet Union must be â€Å"faithful citizens and loyal to the Soviet government. † Perceived as a betrayal of the church by the Synod and many faithful within Russia and abroad, Sergii’s declaration silenced any doubts that the church in Russia was subject to communist control. The problem was compounded when he formed a church organization that was not sanctioned by the bishops in Russia and abroad. In the USSR, an underground â€Å"free† church sprung up in defiance, Russian Orthodox abroad dug in and held tight to their traditions, sensing that they alone preserved the faith undefiled and incorrupt. Archbishop Laurus, who arrived in America in 1946 with a group of monks fleeing the war in Europe, states that the primary purpose of Hollywood Monastery is to â€Å"preserve Orthodoxy as it was passed on from our predecessors and to give it to the next generation and also to Russia. † With the fall of communism, Russians were allowed to return to their churches without obstacles. It soon became clear that Orthodoxy had procreated the Russian soul so deeply that even seventy years of repression couldn’t stamp it out. Even so, the Russian Church outside of Russia and the Russian church in Russia have not reunite There are a number of unresolved issues blocking union, including the canonical ones cited above, moral questions, and others, such as the caution of all the new martyrs of Russia. The Synod, unwilling to taint the purity it has so ardently maintained, remains steadfast in its position. Moreover, Warem (1997) estimated that there were more than 54,000 churches in prerevolutionary Russia and more than 17,000 functioning churches in 1996. Although officially the whole country was supposed to be atheist during the Soviet rule, millions of people followed their religion in private, and many more joined the church after 1991. As suggested by Clendenin (2003), more than 70 million people in Russia today identify themselves as Orthodox. WORKS CITED Ardichvili, A. â€Å"Russian Orthodoxy worldview and adult learning in the workplace. Advances in Developing Human Resources. † 8(3). 373-381, 2006. Clendenin, D. â€Å"Eastern Orthodox Christianity. † Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Aademic, 2003. Warem T. â€Å"The Orthodox church. † London: Penguin, 1997. World fact book, December 20, 2005.

Success In Modern Bodybuilding EPQ Project Report

Female bodybuilding has risen in popularity, but due to a lack of research and the small size of this project, only male competitors will be addressed. The purpose of this project is to provide readers with the details on what they can do to become a successful bodybuilder. Due to personal interest in the sport the hope is to expand personal knowledge and to share this. My opinion on the research is distinguished in the text; it is presented in italics so it stands out. Readers should be open-minded and draw their own conclusions, as bodybuilding is subjective and there are many debates, it is p to individuals to understand themselves.Former BIBB Pro bodybuilder Ronnie Coleman (pictured above) 1 Diet – A bodybuilders diet stimulates muscle grog. N/the and recovery. Typically, bodybuilders take in frequent meals in small portions to constantly feed muscles. Jay Cutler recommends â€Å"eight meals a day' but sometimes he would have more. The following sections will focus on off -season bodybuilding. Protein: â€Å"Protein is extremely essential†¦ † 3 This phrase sums up the popular view on protein. It's been shown protein enhances the body ability to send vital muscle-building nutrients to damaged muscles.This process helps muscles recover and grow. Leman et al. (1992) recommends 0. Egg/Bib. Of protein per day based on a study where no contrasts in muscle mass were present in subjects on 0. Egg/lb. Or 1. Egg/lb. 4 over a 4-week period. The figures are debated with some bodybuilders taking up to g/Bib. But realistically that is an unnecessary amount and the studies are inevitably correct. Carbohydrates: Charles Lambert found anyone in bodybuilding should have around 55-60% of his or her diet as carbohydrates (carobs). 5 This is because carobs are our main source of energy.The body breaks carobs down so that they can be used or energy. Therefore, they prove as key for workouts and putting on mass due to the filling quality. Within the bodybuildin g community it's widely agreed that carobs should be the highest consumed encountering in the diet. Absentmindedness recommends that egg over bodyweight in pounds of clean carobs should be taken in per day 6 this would include foods such as brown rice, which is considered a ‘good crab'. Bodybuilders steer clear of ‘bad carobs' which consist of foods such as white bread, which the body digests quickly.The original terms are complex and simple carobs. It's impossible to agrees that good carobs' are better, but having a diet full of them is a step too far, occasionally have a few ‘bad carobs'. Bodybuilding encourages everything in moderation. Fats: â€Å"In order to gain mass†¦ You need to be in a caloric surplus†. 7 Fats are argued to be essential to bodybuilders. As the quote says, you must eat more than what is needed to gain muscle. Fats help our body function and contain nine calories per gram. So, they give plenty of calories, and ensure the body can carry out the processes for muscle growth.The ‘Men's health natural bodybuilding Bible' 8 states the key fats to incorporate into a diet are mega-3 and omega-6, as they are most vital in body functions, as well as helping joints. 9 Other foods: â€Å"Steady water intake keeps nutrients moving in your bloodstream and into muscle cells. † 10 Within bodybuilding it is vital to keep hydrated because, as shown by the quote it promotes growth. Muscles feed upon nutrients to grow and recover. Therefore, water enhances this process and allows for greater muscle growth. ‘Obsolescing. Com' recommends that bodybuilders take in 1-2 gallons of water per day. 1 But, don't drink too much; flooding your cells is dangerous. A part of bodybuilding nutrition is also vitamins and minerals. Many agree that the addition of such microinstructions are essential for making progress and figures like Ronnie Coleman (Appendix 3) have created their own brand of multivitamins and minerals. Th ey certainly aren't essential; people like Coleman who have retired have best interests in profit. If you can afford them, then its good, but foods are just as good. 12 Overall, its clear nutrition is one of the most important factors in attaining success.Whilst the intake of microinstructions in terms of amount is often debated, there is no doubt that as a whole, bodybuilding success is largely reliant on nutrition. A lot of people consider nutrition as a difficult topic. Facts are that it's not, just get enough protein in your diet, add plenty of good carobs and occasionally have some fats. Rest – Sleep: It's been shown whilst we sleep, we enter our greatest anabolic state. Human growth hormone is released at the fastest rate whilst sleeping. Thus, it is the best time for muscle to grow and repair. It is one of the only times that muscle can grow as it is rare we enter an anabolic state.Dry. Felicia Stoles states, â€Å"You give your body the chance to repair, recharge, an d regret†¦ † 13 So sleep is the only way we can build substantial amounts of muscle. The same argument follows that if sleep allows for the longest anabolic State, then one should utilities that Breed Bernstein recommends 7-8 hours sleep for the average person, but to also have short naps where possible and extend sleep. 14 In reality you probably get less than the recommended hours because of school, work or other things in your life. So don't feel you must get exactly eight hours, just have little naps for sleep that you miss.Rest between workouts: Rest is also taken between workouts. When working out muscle fibers break down and this can cause delayed onset muscle soreness (DOOMS). Our bodies ill use nutrients to repair muscles, which in turn causes groom as they are repaired bigger. But muscles need time to fully recover before they can be efficiently worked again. ‘Cobol 961' recommends that after two years of being in the gym, you should only be training each muscle type once a week intensely. He adds anyone under this can target muscles two to three times a week less intensely. 5 Bodybuilders usually train six times a week and use one day as a rest day as muscles can be targeted sufficiently, but also have the chance to recover. Whilst it's hard to disagree with Scoops, bear in mind even if your muscles are a little sore you can still train them lightly. An interpretation of ‘Cobol 961 ‘s advice -? presented in graph form showing progress is made within the gym up to a certain point. Pictured above 16 Rest between sets: During a workout rest is needed between sets and this can influence the muscle gained. The common goal of a bodybuilder is to build muscle, and when they are cutting it's to burn fat.So, the common view held by participants within the sport is that 60-90 seconds break is optimal. For example, Phil Heath (Appendix 4) states rest periods should be between one ND three minutes depending on the intensity of the p revious set. 17 Anything above this is geared towards strength as mechanical tension suffers. But if a bodybuilder is cutting they may shorten these rest periods to as low as 30-45 seconds. 18 However, recent research by fitness experts within the field have made changes to several views. Brad Schoenberg and Men Homelands reviewed many studies that focused on rest intervals between working sets.They concluded â€Å"you can self-select a rest period that allows you to exert the needed effort into your next set without compromising hypertrophied results. 19 1 would go the research here; there are very few people who actually count the seconds between sets. Rest is a big debating point in bodybuilding and a lot of research has gone into the topic. In my opinion, you need the correct rest. Sleep is vital; overstraining is a problem one must avoid, and rest between sets must be made appropriate for the individual. I agree with Antonio De Carnival in the belief that rest is one of the ke y factors for success in bodybuilding.

Current Issues in Business Law

Business law really tends to describe an extensive body of bylaws that tend to govern the business transactions. Business law also includes every major aspect of trade together with the advertising as well as marketing collection plus the bankruptcy, contracts, banking, secured transactions, negotiable instruments and trade as a general rule.It is sometimes considered as a branch of communal law however it deals with issues of public along with private law. Business law covers foreign and domestic trade hence it tends to regulate business among the states. In this same connection, there is a uniform commercial code which has by now been adopted in all the parts of every state within the United States which tends to be the main primary authority which governs the business transactions.Despite the fact that uniform commercial code normally controls so many aspects of domestic commercial law, state laws and other common law of contracts, it at the same time applies to other types of bus iness transactions which tend to arise as far as business is concerned. Consequently, business law is a very essential component of within this particular area.Even if the trade world faces a continuous change, the commercial laws have remained static in general. As a consequence, commercial law is not only uniform throughout the US but as well to those people who normally do business are at the position of proceeding with business transactions with some degree of confidence towards the law which governs these particular business transactions (Samuel, 2008).Commercial law encompasses titles as agent and principal, carriage by both sea as well as land. It is as well known because it regulates hiring practices, business contracts, manufacturing and the retailing of consumer goods. Thus there are so many countries which have really adopted the civil codes because these codes contain complete statements of their own business law.Looking back at the United States, business law is the mai n zone for the United States Congress beneath its powers to govern and rule the interstate business as well as other states under the authority of the police. These days they are really trying quite harder to create an amalgamated body of business law within the United States. They are going to succeed since they actually adopted the consistent commercial code.This identical commercial code has made things much easier as far as business law is concerned. However, there are quite a number of authoritarian schemes that tend to govern and control on the way business is supposed to be conducted. Some of the authoritarian schemes that control are the safety laws, privacy laws, and drug and food laws among others (Samuel, 2008).So many small and middle sized businesses currently lack the financial strength to make payments in the potential wrongful release awards in lump sum. So many labor and groups on employment defend successfully those businesses that are established well and mid size businesses from claims pertaining to wrongful removal from office from former employees.Whenever they seem not to be succeeding in the lawsuit, it seems like the company is forced in one way or the other into bankruptcy removing all the present workers from the office. Such cases are so many compared to previous days. Such developments are equally resulting in extensive businesses that survey the likelihood of gaining protection through the purchase of wrongful dismissal insurance.The current business law these days is very essential because it really helps people to realize the business ethics. It assists them to follow these business ethics in running their businesses in a proper and authenticated manner. This has to be in an agreement with the set of laws and guideline prevailing within the society.However, business law is mostly offered to those people who are intending to set up nice businesses together with an authenticated business registration and license in the future. Thi s is what makes the business law studies extraordinary essential. So many customers are very comfortable in doing their businesses as long as they have a government license at hand as well as an approval stamp for their individual businesses.However, the government policy that issues licenses is actually not complex. It is always very necessary that the business law studies are really considered very carefully. Currently business law studies are taught by the professionals who are experts in business law consultancy.These professionals normally plan a course structure which can assist an individual in realizing his business law obligations together with the rules which are applied into the business trade system. Current business laws help all the individuals in setting up their businesses in the future. These businesses do well because the owners are experienced and educated on how to carry them on. They use the knowledge to expand their type of businesses hence they are able to par ticipate in the market (Emmanuel, 2001).Any case study of business law tends to teach a business, a good manner in which the business is going to be initiated. Business processes have got so many matters for example the copyright issues, legalized marketing of the business, registration fees and so on. The business law case studies really focus on business activity.So many packages and relief are obtainable by trading and this will enable an individual to learn more about the methods of getting the governmental facilities. It involves tax cuts, tax write off, getting funds as well as government loans together with the raising any business right from franchise. To take a business law case study assists an individual to the greatest out of the facilities that the government has given to the business.Consequently, business law is very necessary for those people who need to run any line of business within the law agencies as well as the consultancy firms. An individual is actually taugh t all the main aspects of trade law plus the ethics. This automatically provides a person with a chance to begin a career as a legal advisor, consultant for very big budget businesses as well as trade mechanism.These days, business law is very important for very tiny businesses because these businesses are operated on a very limited financial resource because they are some kind of self employment. However, the government tries so much to encourage such small businesses as well as devises extraordinary laws, restricted to small business. Currently the tax cut offs are so much for these small businesses (Emmanuel, 2001).The modern commercial law has enabled business countries on civil and common law system to become more considerable in the extensive use of business arbitration that is comparable to the former private courts of merchants. In the United States, they are having similar commercial statutes that tend to smooth the progress of the business from end to end of a particular n ation.Certainly, Europe business law is still a separate subject matter due to its special courts. During the time when the business law got adopted by the state meeting during the year 1997, it appeared like a watershed within the country’s financial reforms.In any busy profit-making world, the business which is operated nicely must equally involve the agents.   Business law normally represents the emergent and ordinary morality of all the human beings. All the businesses are however seeking to partner themselves with the prevailing customs in proclaiming as right only whereby all the businesses perceive to be always right.They tend to be right in enforcing as law the rules that are considered by the great number of people or very powerful to be moral and just. For the reason that business law is and it is still supposed to be reflective in prevailing morality, societal control over the businesses is very necessary. The aim is self control which is based on the person†™s own moral philosophy (Manfred, 1929).As a matter of fact, all the business activities happen in an officially authorized system framework. Business law places business in its lawful framework and it also develops skills in compliance, risk assessment and troubleshooting.The program on business law focuses so much on the application of law in business as well as government sectors. Business law covers a very wide part of trade, consumer and commercial transactions. However, business law underpins the operation of regulates, markets conduct in the markets as well as the addresses instances of the market failure in which voluntary business mechanisms are not able to attain relevant policy objectives.The business law practitioners really identify lawful standards as the law gradually changes and determine important policies together with the practices in meeting the legal requirements. On the other hand, commercial law regulates hiring practices, corporate contracts and the manufac ture plus the sales of customer merchandise. This law sometimes regulates their directors, corporations, corporate relations and shareholders with the third parties.There is taxation law within this context which deals with taxation of persons and the businesses. This includes income tax, goods as well as services plus a diversity of nation taxes.

Describe the relivance of the material covered in chapter 19_32 to Research Paper

Describe the relivance of the material covered in chapter 19_32 to your current career ambitions.Begin the assignment describing - Research Paper Example In light of the topics in these fourteen chapters, this paper seeks to evaluate how my career ambitions get shaped. Introduction My career ambitions incline towards being an Electrical and Electronics Engineer. This is a technical career that will place me in charge of designing, developing, testing and supervising of electrical equipment which includes power generation equipment, communication systems, radar and navigation systems and electric motors as cited by the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, BLS. The work primarily involves employment in research and development, electric power generation firms, manufacturing firms and engineering services firms. Of these, I look forward to securing employment in an electricity generating firm. Out of the practising Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 10% work in industries dealing with generating, transmitting and distributing electric power, which is where I belong. Though this work generally involves being indoors, site visits would be un dertaken as need be so as to solve problems in complex equipment. The textbook, Physics, by James Walker provides an appropriate guideline into facts about energy from the perspective of physics. But the fourteen case chapters, starting from chapter 19 through to chapter 32 concern electricity, basically giving in-depth discussion into electric charges and forces, gradually developing on this to subsequent chapters. Being an interrelated topic, the author appreciates its relationship with magnetism. Chapter 22 explains how electric charges cause the creation of electric fields which result in magnetic flux, the basis of magnetism. This also informs the introduction of electromagnetic waves in chapter 25 that mandates the discussion on optics in subsequent chapters. Since electricity has varied sources, Walker (2420) introduces atomic physics in chapter 31 that culminates with a discussion on nuclear physics in the last chapter. Therefore, as a prospective Electrical and Electronics Engineer, I get all-round knowledge on electricity and its relation to other fields in physics. As indicated by BLS, designing and developing electrical equipment partly constitutes the task of an Electrical and Electronics Engineer. Therefore, it would be paramount to know how electricity is sourced, generated, measured and distributed so as to determine the design of these equipments. The basis of this understanding lies in the knowledge of action of electric charges covered in chapter 19 so as to understand how their electromagnetic interaction would affect equipment assembly. For instance, since Walker (2076) appreciates that friction causes electrification, then, such action should be considered when designing electrical equipment. When designing electricity measurement instruments, I now know that what in essence would be measured would be the electric charges, whose SI unit is the coulomb, C, though Serway and Jewett (768) observe that a majority of electrical engineering ins truments would use the ampere-hour, Ah units. Similarly, the knowledge on charges will play a critical role when testing electrical equipment and when supervising, these being other core responsibilities of an Electrical and Electronics Engineer. The static electricity that exists when objects of different equilibriums are brought close to each other according to Walker (2089) should guide in choosing which objects should come into contact with each other. Tribolectric effect, which describes the electrical charging of materials as a result of coming into

Dra Rod Music The paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dra Rod Music The paper - Assignment Example This especially concerns the most daring and capturing, to my thinking, musicals – those based on rock music, for this form of presentation elevates rock music to a rather sophisticated theatrical level and popularizes it. 2. Probably, the most interesting points in the history of musical are the way relevant social issues were reflected in productions and the gradual shift from mainly dancing and singing (as in early musicals with dominance of music numbers) to the greater role of dramatic component and plot. Here, the period of 1920-1940’s can be mentioned as the time of significant changes, for artistic activity of Cole Porter, George Gershwin and others endowed musical with peculiar American flavor – jazz and ragtime influence, more elaborate librettos etc. However, the most impressive turning point for me was observed in the postwar years with Rodgers and Hammerstein II creating South Pacific (1949), as this production clearly marked transition to a more elaborate dramatic form in musicals with dramatic component placed in the limelight, and singing/dancing used extensively to support development of the plot and communication of relevant issues. Moreover, this musical seems rather d aring and expressive to me in terms of presentation of big social issues such as race and gender relations. 3. Creating a musical, I would concentrate on a topic related to sexism and feminism and express the idea that women in the contemporary society often talk about gender roles when it concerns equal rights. Yet, they don’t mention equal duties. Therefore, the musical be about a feminist who gets to another planet and faces reversed reality with bearded men wearing dresses and going to beauty salons. However, women there have to win bread, to carry heavy bags etc. Our woman will be forced to marry a man of Conchita Wurst type and – after experiencing all the difficulties - she will escape and change her mind. To attract

Potential Hardship that young adult encounter after aging out of Dissertation

Potential Hardship that young adult encounter after aging out of foster care - Dissertation Example It is evident from the study that since the inception of foster care in the United States, over half a million children have been placed in these homes from the end of the year 2000. The authors continue to state that these numbers have been decreasing in the recent past with 423,773 children being in this care in the year 2009. This represents a 20% drop in their numbers during that decade, and the number of African American children in this care accounts for 40% of the children, whereas Whites account for 20% of children under foster care. The remaining percentage of children in foster care is composed of children from the Hispanic community. Other reports by Krebs and Pitcoff indicate that most of the children who enter this care do so involuntarily. This occurs when the children encounter neglect from their guardians, and are bound to encounter many physical or psychosomatic problems. However, the placement of children in foster care could also be voluntary, and could occur when their guardians are unable to cater for their needs. A survey carried out in the state of Missouri on 325 children to ascertain the differences that existed after foster care found out that their mental abilities decreased by about 60% after a month of leaving this care. Many of the persons leaving foster care withdraw from taking medication for their mental problems out of their own consent. The mental abilities of the young people leaving the care centers decrease because of various circumstances. These circumstances include the absence of managers for controlling them, the aging out from the pediatric systems and shifts in decision-making as the child matures. Shifts in the care for the young people from foster homes to insurance companies who are responsible for covering the expenses incurred on their care is another cause of reduced mental abilities, and this is because the children are no longer funded (Meltzer, 2003). The problem identified is that most states do not continue offering foster care services for children who have left the foster homes (Stott, 2007). For this reason, governments are urged to continue providing Medicare through the Medicaid scheme, which guarantees medical attention for the vulnerable youth leaving foster care (Ward, Henderson and Pearson, 2003). There are several states in America, which offer the Medicaid option including Missouri, Michigan, Massachusetts, West Virginia and Minnesota among others (Stott, 2007). The inability of various foster care homes to account for many of the children who leave their homes arises from the fact that most are incarcerated, die or join the military and dropout of these systems (Meltzer, 2003). Reports by Ward, Henderson and Pearson (2003) in their book â€Å"One Problem among Many: Drug Use among Care Leavers in Transition to Independent Living† indicate that many youths encounter problems in their access and use of medication. There is a decline in

The Process of Recruitment of the New Employees Essay - 1

The Process of Recruitment of the New Employees - Essay Example Conversely, the selection process starts when the applications from the interested candidates are received, when the organization now performs short-listing and determination of the best candidates for the job (Cooper and Robertson, 2000). In this process of recruitment and selection, the organization tries to identify those individuals with the right skill sets to work in the organization, and before they are inducted into the organization, they have to be interviewed and trained to attain the skills that they need to perform the tasks that they are being hired for. In the hiring process, the organization can decide to perform external or internal recruitment and selection, where the candidates are chosen from within or outside the organization. The selection process for the employees can involve many processes, but the most common one is the selection interview, where the potential candidate is put in front of a panel and interviewed to determine the ability to work for the organization (Cooper and Robertson, 2000). The selection interview process has been criticized by many experts, but many organizations still prefer to use it for the selection process. As part of the selection process, many organizations will usually conduct interviews to determine the competences of the different applicants and select the best applicant for the job. The selection interview process is used by the employer as an assessment or evaluation of the potential employee for the job at hand. The selection interview process can take many different formats, for example, the telephone interview used by the interview before any other interview. The telephone interview is usually used by the employer before any other interview process and is used as a way of reducing potential applicants for the job (Warr, 2003). After the pre-interview phase, the other formats include the panel interview, which is the most common format used by employers.

Elimination of discrimination in modern educational system Essay

Elimination of discrimination in modern educational system - Essay Example More than 40 years ago, the nations of the world asserted the right to education through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Human rights are those fundamental rights, which are crucial to live and develop as human beings with dignity (World Declaration on Education for All, 1990). But in 1990 they observed that despite remarkable efforts around the globe to ensure the right to education for all, more than 100 million children, including at least 60 million girls, have no access to primary schooling; more than 960 million adults, two-thirds of whom are women, are illiterate, and functional illiteracy is a significant problem in all countries, industrialized and developing; more than one-third of the world's adults have no access to the printed knowledge, new skills and technologies that could improve the quality of their lives and help them shape, and adapt to, social and cultural change; and more than 100 million children and countless adults fail to complete basic education programs; millions more satisfy the attendance requirements but do not acquire essential knowledge and skills. The Jomtien World Conference on Education for All (1990), thus, set the goal of Education for All. UNESCO, along with other UN agencies, and a number of international and national non-governmental organizations, has been working towards achieving this goal - adding to the efforts made at the country level (UNESCO 2003). Human Rights Day 2009 observed on 10 December focused on non-discrimination. "Discrimination targets individuals and groups that a vulnerable to attack: the disabled, women and girls, the poor, migrants, minorities, and all those who are perceived as different" (Ban Ki-moon, 2009). UN reports about an estimated 650 million persons with disabilities worldwide, or 10 per cent of the global population, with approximately two-thirds living in developing countries. Despite encouraging developments there are still an estimated 113 million primary school age children not attending school. 90% of them live in low and lower middle income countries, and over 80 million of these children live in Africa. Of those who do enroll in primary school, large numbers drop out before completing their primary education (UNESCO 2004). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. They are founded on respect for the dignity and worth of each individual, regardless of race, color, gender, language, religion, opinions, origins, wealth, birth status or ability and therefore apply to every human being everywhere (UNICEF, 2008). As of November 2009, 194 countries are signatories to this and they have ratified, accepted, or acceded to it. EXCLUSION UNESCO leads the global 'Education for All' movement, aiming to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adults by 2015. According to UNESCO, today, 75 million children are excluded from the realm of education mainly due to poverty, gender inequity, disability, child labor, speaking a minority language, belonging to an indigenous people, and living a nomadic or rural lifestyle. 72 million children are still not enrolled at all in school and of this more than half are girls. Children in the rural areas and urban slums have hardly any

Critical Writing (debating cultural idea) Essay

Critical Writing (debating cultural idea) - Essay Example Most traditional cultures have strong attachments to certain beliefs that define accepted moral conduct and virtues. For instance, the case of the Chinese culture under consideration, the author of â€Å"No Name Woman†, Maxine Hong Kingston discloses that a number of customs seem impossible in the United States remain sound and commonly acceptable in China (Kingston, 1976). The traditional China regarded women as low-level residents in the society. The women had no chance of making an opinion that can define either social-economical or political fate of a society. The women were required to follow and value the doubt of the customs. In the case under consideration, the Chinese woman who committed suicide was never counted as one of the children. The culture did not allow even mentioning that, the victim was part of the bereaved family. This is an assurance that had no place in democracies such as the US, which appreciated a better culture (Kingston, 1976). The author Chinese-A merican immigrant finds it difficult to accommodate the US culture, with her Chinese mind. Equally, the case indicates that, the author’s aunt, committed adultery when her husband had travelled to America. According to the Chinese culture, the woman acted against the Chinese norms on social and family life, which called for stoning, but instead she was sent back to her parents. This indicates the strength of the Chinese customs, which makes the author difficult to take in the American culture (Kingston, 1976). These acts created a cultural conflict between members of the family who believed that a taboo should not be broken. This resulted to the woman considered an outsider, who could not be allowed to be one of the family members. The author of the case study expresses a cultural conflict on these acts. The author feels that the Chinese culture is too ancient in comparison with the American one. The sees the acts of the villagers on the home house as

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Study - Essay Example The combination of satellite, cable and fiber based broadband penetration together with targeting, interactivity, and company’s knowledge of people’s physical address and other contact credentials has launched a new era in marketing, organizational communication and advertising (Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2006). ITV (an acronym for Interactive Television) is a range of technologies which has blended data services together with the traditional television technology. It entails enhancements and interactive contents. Interactive Television is enriched with providing interactions, rich entertainments, more information regarding various shows, props together with all the personnel responsible in its creation. Basically, Interactive television combines the features of the traditional television with interactivity which is enjoyed by people through a network such as LAN, WAN and internet (Interactive Advertising Bureau, 2011). Programming of interactive Television ranges from links to websites, richer graphics, and electronic communication among online users through a back channel. As a result, there is on – demand delivery of content together with services such as shopping, banking, ticket booking, among others (Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2006). Digital Interactive Television exists in several forms and are manufactured by different companies. One form of Digital Interactive television is the Set top Boxes. This kind of Interactive Televisions are made by companies such as Microsoft, Motorola, Scientific Atlantic and Pace. This types of televisions are designed specifically to run interactive television services. During the manufacture of these products, the interactive TV is designed in such a manner that it can collect data from the user to the service provider (Institute for Innovation and

John Galliano Fashion Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

John Galliano Fashion Marketing - Research Paper Example The essay "John Galliano Fashion Marketing" concerns the fashion marketing and John Galliano. An enormous society stun anticipated Galliano, as he was uprooted from his more vibrant previous surroundings. His family prided itself gigantically on appearance and each time he went out as a tyke, Galliano was a perfect turn out. The gauges of dressing emerge when he contrasted himself and his even more careless English classmates, made him emerge and taught him significant principles of dress, which he might oblige sometime down the road. Notwithstanding, he was not viewed as a remarkable person. It was not until Galliano arrived at outline school and was around individuals more like him that he started to thrive. When Galliano had moved from City and East London College, he enlisted at Central Saint Martin's, where he made an amazing effect. His graduation accumulation, titled 'Les Incroyables,' made splendid by his sentimental pizzazz and ingenuity, gained tremendous approbation. In fa ct, his entire line was speedily gobbled up into the window of Browns boutique. Galliano left Central Saint Martin's in 1983 with a top of the line degree and a solid stockpile of discriminating the approval. In 1984, more approbation that is basic took after. His brave reinvention of sentimental subjects and sensitive, eminently custom-made articles of clothing were his trademarks. In 1987, he accepted the 'British Designer of the Year' honor. Notwithstanding, discriminating performance was not matched.

Virtual Teams and Virtual Project Management Essay Example for Free

Virtual Teams and Virtual Project Management Essay Like it or not, the marketplace is becoming global and many companies are taking note. The world is represented by a technological environment that changes at unprecedented speeds; seemingly overnight. The Internet and collaborative software have made it easier and faster to communicate across vast distances. Many companies have switched to complex and flexible organizational structures that allow them to operate competitively in a world shaped by globalization and the information revolution. Downsizing, outsourcing, and employee empowerment have become facts of life in the climate of many organizations, while job security is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. The survival of many organizations depends on the ability of the organization to rapidly change its structure, culture and products to match the changing demands of the environment. [1] This ever-changing environment has set the stage for a new dimension of project management†¦ Project Management (PM) is the discipline of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. This is hard enough to accomplish when the project is within a single department of a company and all team members are located on-site. Now, take all the stresses and difficulties normally associated with a project and scatter the team members all over the place; possibly in different countries and time zones. Wow, now it is really difficult and challenging to meet the three main goals of Project Management: time, cost and performance. With the scattering of the team, you have thus created the Virtual Team and the need for Virtual Project Management (VPM). Peterson Stohr define the Virtual Team – aka Geographically Dispersed Team (GDT) – as â€Å"a group of individuals who work across time, space, and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technology. They have complementary skills and are committed to a common purpose, have interdependent performance goals, and share an approach to work for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. † [3] Peterson Store list seven basic types of Virtual Teams: [3] Networked Teams consist of individuals who collaborate to achieve a common goal or purpose; membership is frequently diffuse and fluid. Parallel Teams work in short term to develop recommendations for an improvement in a process or system; has a distinct membership. Project or Product-Development Teams conduct projects for users or customers for a defined period of time. Tasks are usually non-routine, and the results are specific and measurable; team has decision-making authority. Work or Production Teams perform regular and ongoing work usually in one function; clearly defined membership. Service Teams support customers or the internal organization in typically a service/technical support role around the clock. Management Teams work collaboratively on a daily basis within a functional division of a corporation. Action Teams offer immediate responses activated in (typically) emergency situations. The focus of this paper will be on Networked and Project/Product Development Teams, as these most closely relate to this class and are the most prevalent in the virtual world of PM. The team does not have to be spread all over the globe for the project to be considered virtual; however, this paper will assume that is the case. Why Virtual Teams? In addition to some of the ones mentioned previously, there are several reasons and benefits that drive the formation of virtual teams. People can work from anywhere at any time, which allows employees with the required competencies for the project to be located anywhere in the world and still participate. It offers employees personal flexibility, and a flexible organization is more competitive and responsive to the marketplace. The global workday is 24 vs. 8 hours, which allows companies to keep up with the increasing globalization of trade and corporate activity. Employees typically are more productive because there is less commuting and travel time. This reduction or elimination of expenses associated with travel, lodging, etc. , results in a huge savings for the company. The list could go and on, but the point is, there is definitely a growing demand for and benefit of virtual teams. Obstacles The benefits and lucrative potential of Virtual Project Management are many, but like all good things, come at a price in the form of new management complications. Fostering open and meaningful communication, gaining the trust and respect of remote members, and building trust between members is the greatest challenge to the virtual PM. It is difficult for virtual team members to get to know each other well; consequently, they tend to communicate poorly because they often are less than comfortable with each other. [1] Communication is paramount in any project. Dennis S. and Michelle L. Reina define three types of communication that project managers must address for virtual work to be possible: contractual, communication, and competence trust. 4] Contractual trust – this is essentially doing what you say you will do. The virtual PM needs to manage expectations, establish clear boundaries, delegate appropriately, honor agreements, and, above all, be consistent in their words and actions. This kind of trust is especially frail in todays workplaces because of the legacy of layoffs, downsizing, and reorganization that reengineering and economic problems have brought to the modern corporation. Communication trust – this type of trust is, at its heart, a question of honesty and disclosure. The virtual PM has to be willing to share difficult truths with their employees, admit their mistakes, give honest feedback, and at the same time maintain confidentiality. Competence trust – this type of trust involves respecting your teammates abilities and skills, as well as your own, and helping others learn new skills. The virtual PM needs to involve others rather than trying to do it all themselves. Establishing these forms of communication can be difficult to do with local projects, and is only compounded by the lack of face-to-face contact between virtual team members. Members of virtual teams tend to develop relationships with those who are located with them rather than with those who are at distant sites. [1] The formation of these cliques can create an â€Å"us vs. them† mentality between the team members and/or project manager located elsewhere. Remote members often do not do a great job of sharing adequate amounts of information with each other and the interpretation of information may be different. Thus, not everyone is on the same page and sees the big picture. This results in members having a different perception of the project dependent on their location. Sharing information in a timely and effective manner, mainly because of time zone differences, is another concern for the virtual PM. This is becoming less and less of a problem with the latest and greatest technologies. Lastly, the lack of face-to-face interaction with the PM may cause remote team members to be unsure of what their role is in the project and what is expected of them. Technologies  Many of the forces that are driving the need for virtual project teams, namely advancements in technology, are the same ones that make it possible to overcome the many obstacles encountered in this type of project. Since it is seldom possible in the virtual project to meet face-to-face, experienced project managers recommend using a variety of electronic communications – cellular phones, pagers, faxes, e-mail, web pages, and computer-to-computer transmissions across local area and wide area networks—to distribute everything from key reports to jokes, logos, and mottoes. Effective and frequent communication helps establish that critical trust factor between virtual project members. Teleconferencing is still used extensively for communication within virtual teams; however, the Internet is what really makes the virtual project feasible these days. E-mail is hands down the main form of communication – it is cheap and just about anyone in the world can get access to it one way or another. E-fax can also be used if the remote members cannot read a file format or if a file is too large to be sent via email. Smartphones, though not as powerful as Netbooks, are essentially minicomputers. Team members may have a company issued smartphone they can use at all hours of the day for email, web access, etc. Out of all the available technologies used in the virtual environment, videoconferencing has done the most to develop that trust and familiarization between distant team members who have never met or worked together before. Members can see what their remote teammates look like and see their actions and mannerisms during the meeting. It used to be that video-enabled conference rooms had to be available in each location for all members to participate. Nowadays, with the advent of collaborative software, some of which can be free like Google Apps, videoconferencing is possible anywhere there is an available Internet connection. Conclusion There is no denying that the old way of doing business is becoming just that, â€Å"the old way of doing business†. Virtual projects are becoming more and more of a necessity and people with technical savvy and cultural openness are needed to run them. There is definitely a whole new world of opportunity and responsibility afforded to Project Managers who are willing to take on the responsibility of a virtual project. This may involve working from your hometown with people overseas or having to relocate to a foreign country. The main thing the virtual PM must do is figure out creative uses of the available communication technologies to make the virtual project more manageable. Mastery of this skill is quickly becoming mandatory for anyone who will be involved in virtual projects. Reference http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2122.html

Material Wastage on Construction Sites Work

Material Wastage on Construction Sites Work Material waste is recognised as a major dilemma in the construction industry and has important implications. The construction industry has been reported to be generating intolerable levels of material waste. This report reviews the causes and preventions of wastage of materials in the construction industry. The report also assists clients, main contractors, subcontractors and others who work in the construction industry with advice on how each individual can make a change to help reduce waste. 1.2. Definition of construction waste Waste is a common term and occurrence in the construction industry worldwide. Wastes are materials that are not main products which the initial user has no further use for his/ her wants to dispose. Waste is measured by size or weight and is unwanted or useless materials. Construction waste can be divided into material, labour and machinery waste, however, material waste is more of a concern because most raw materials come from non- renewable resources. Construction waste is generated by construction activities. 2. CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY Waste measurement plays a significant role in the management of systems due to its effective way to measure their performance. Building material waste is complex to recycle due to high levels of contamination and a large degree of different materials mixed together and usually there is inadequate space for its disposal in large cities. There are seven categories of waste identified: There is unnecessary movement of people. When there is waiting by employees for equipment to finish its work. Defects in products. The overproduction of goods that are not needed. Goods awaiting further consumption. Unnecessary processing of goods. Unnecessary transportation of goods. There are other causes of material wastage such as accidents, working under suboptimal conditions, design of products that do not meet the userà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s needs, theft and vandalism. Along with the causes of indirect waste, material waste may be incorporated into buildings since materials are often used in excess of designed quantities or for a different purpose than what is specified, replacing materials for interior quality. It has been noted that material wastage is due to lack of control of materials by contractors. One of the major sources of waste was left over scrap resulting from cutting materials, such as bricks, blocks and sheetrock panels. Most of the waste involved with wood is non- reusable consumables meaning that this material assists in the production process but do not end as part of the building. Packaging and improper handling are also identified as important causes of waste. 2.1 Materials and the waste they cause Different products and materials are experience waste in different ways based on sizes, use and specification, this information was discovered by Skoyles (1976), Bossink and Brouwers (1996) and Forsythe and Marsden (1999) Steel Reinforcement Controlling the use of steel reinforcement on building sites is difficult due to it being bulky to handle due to its weight and shape. Steel reinforcement is always sold by weight. There are three main reasons for steel reinforcement waste:- Short unusable pieces are produced when bars are cut, Some bars sometimes have an excessively large diameter due to fabrication problems and trespassing which leads to theft. Poor structural design in terms of standardization and detailing causing waste due o non- optimized cutting of bars. Cement In- situ production of mortar: Cement is usually manually loaded in the mixer with the use of incorrect equipment. The lack of information available to construction labour for producing different mixes of mortar. Handling and transportation of mortar: This waste is related to site layout problems, lack of maintained pathways and use of inadequate equipment. Brickwork joints: Due to excessive consumption of mortar in joints, this is caused due to insufficient information available about process standards, inadequate supervisions, variations in the size of blocks and the lack of process standardization. Plaster thickness: Due to deviations in the dimensions of structural elements, problems in the incorporation between different designs and the omissions in the designs relating to defining the exact sizes of components such as door frames and blocks. Floor Screed: Due to deviations in the concrete slab level in relation to design and the need to inlay pipes in the floor. Sand, lime and Premix Mortar Sand and mortar are usually delivered in trucks, this may cause additional losses related to the lack of control in the delivery operation and the necessary handling demands. Bricks and Blocks The delivery of material such as the lack of control in the amount of bricks/ blocks delivered and the damage of the bricks and blocks are causes of waste, however, poor handling and transportation are the main causes. Another factor of waste is the need to cut the blocks and bricks which is due to the modular coordination in design. Ceramic Tiles The main source of waste was the cutting of tiles due to the problems in integration between architectural and structural design. This caused the cutting and wastage of tiles. Pipes and Wires Short, unusable pieces are produced when pipes are cut. Poor planning in the distribution of materials does not encourage the replacement of elements by others. Contractors often underestimate the real cost of waste on a project as this is not a clear cost. 2.2. Checklist to assess the causes of waste The following checklist can be used to assess the causes of waste:- Is the tender document complete? Is the design a fixed and agreed design? Is the information provided clear? Is the storage available safe and adequate? Is the workforce trained in waste management and waste reduction? Does the programme allow for the work to be carried out without interference with other trades? 3. PREVENTIONS OF WASTAGE OF MATERIALS Waste can be avoided by implementing inexpensive preventative methods related to managerial improvements. Some building materials and components use large amounts of non renewable sources of energy and sources that are in danger of exhaustion, such as timber, sand and crushed stone. It has been suggested that human work should be the main focus of waste prevention. The values of materials depend to a vast extent on the work that has been spent on them. In order to improve the efficiency of value- adding and non- value adding work, the aim is to eradicate waste by removing non- value adding activities. The control of waste to an acceptable level can only be reduced through major improvement in production system conditions. Waste prevention can be successful in many forms, such as:- By purchasing durable, long- lasting materials, Setting out to remove raw materials that are not incorporated into the final product or service, The use of products that are free of toxic material, By reducing the amount of packaging materials, Conserving water, energy or both, Implementation of in- process recycling. Waste prevention is a known as business strategy from which, any company can benefit. Waste prevention can be a routine part of daily business. The following basic steps can be taken:- Determining What Wastes you generate All waste streams need to be examined, including process wastes, hazardous wastes, non- hazardous wastes, solid wastes and office waste. By looking into bins, one can determine what materials are being thrown away. Each waste stream must be characterized to help determine the source of the waste, what processes generate it and how much is being discarded. Identifying Waste Prevention Measures All wastes should be evaluated for probable reduction. Determine how you can reduce each waste, evaluate your purchasing policies and determine what you can re-use. Production changes that would potentially improve efficiency, equipment, piping and layout changes should be identified. Resources that may help conduct a waste reduction assessment at a business should be identified. Priorities and goals should be set Prioritize waste prevention opportunities by considering cost, payback and increased employee safety. Attainable goals should be set. Get Started Employees should be taught about how to reduce waste and waste prevention activities should be promoted. Encourage employees by offering incentives. 3.1. Recycling Recycling is a process whereby materials that would have become waste, are transformed into new materials and products. By using more recycled or reused materials on a construction project, overall costs can be reduced. In recycling, used materials or waste are transformed into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials to help reduce consumption of fresh raw materials, to help reduce energy usage, to help reduce air and water pollution and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling is an important part of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Reduce, Reuse, and Recycleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ waste. Recyclable materials include many different types of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles and electronics. The composting or reuse of biodegradable waste such as food or garden waste is not typically considered recycling. Materials that are to be recycled can be taken to a collection centre or picked up from the curb side and then sorted, cleaned and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing. Recycling of a material will produce a fresh, new supply of the same material. Recycling of goods or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials. Recycling has been a common practise for most of human history. Materials for recycling can be can be sorted into the various types on site, ready for pick up. Copper such as wire, old steel furnishings, or equipment and glass windows are some of the materials that can be recycled from a construction site. The type of waste materials accepted for recycling, varies from cities and countries depending on the types of materials that city or country can recycle. The difference in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material, one it is reprocessed. 3.2 Re-using Many materials from construction can be recovered from demolition and renovation sites and donated, sold, stored for later use or reused on current or other projects. Private companies sometimes recover materials from the site which can avoid the cost of removal by a contractor. Companies that have storage space available can store good material for future use or for another project. Space, time and equipment can restrict opportunities to reuse materials on smaller projects. Opportunities still exist to import materials from other sites, which may only be available in limited quantities and therefore better suited to small projects. Packaging waste cannot be eliminated or reduced. The most cost effective option with using packaging and the best option for the environment is to reuse the packaging as many times as possible. Repairing any damaged pallets on site is another way of reusing packaging. The pallets that are not in use can be sold to pallet suppliers. Old polypropylene bags can be used for storing demolition wastes. Large sheets of plastic sheeting can be used as wrapping for materials on site as weather protection. 3.3 Successes of prevention methods 3.3.1 Monitoring process and waste production changes- Track things such as the volume of waste products. 3.3.2 Calculating the savings- Look at savings in handlings, treating and disposals cost. 3.3.3 Look at indirect benefits- Try to gauge the value of less obvious benefits such as reaching new markets and improving public image. 3.3.4 Re-evaluate your efforts on a regular basis- As new raw materials and processes are introduced, waste streams change. Conduct regular assessments of your business to identify additional waste prevention opportunities. 4. REDUCTION OF MATERIAL WASTAGE 4.1. Advantages of reducing waste Reducing waste means that resources will be saved. Society benefits from reducing waste by allowing people to limit their usage of a certain privileged in order to conserve it for the future. This can be done effortlessly and doesnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t involve any extra equipment or dramatic life changes. Reducing waste will help communities, contractors and it improves the image of organisations and companies that reduce disposal. A lot of space will also be conserved in existing landfills. 4.2. Reasons for reducing waste The reduction of waste can be beneficial to many involved in the construction industry. Reducing waste can be a great financial benefit as waste has a cost. The cost of waste is included in a tender price and paid for by the client. Main contractors have the responsibilities for waste disposal but waste is also generated by sub- contractors. Based on an environmental and a cost perspective, clients, main contractors and sub- contractors have focused on the waste issue. The focus on waste is because of the tremendous escalating applied to landfill tax. Reducing the wastage of materials can also be a benefit to sub- contractors and can result in either a total saving to the project or an increase in project for sub- contractors. There would be a drop in tender prices and a competitive advantage achieved. Sub- contractors are to benefit from using their materials more efficiently. If sub- contractors show initiative to support and engage waste reduction measures, they can improve their chances of being known as preferred bidders as they can help main contractors meet their waste targets. In order for sub- contractors to reap the benefits from reduced material waste, they have to be pro- active. Reducing wastage material is also a benefit to clients and contractors. The cost of waste built into project tenders are paid for by clients. A reduced cost for the project can be achieved by reducing the volume of waste generated. The cost saving from projects can be shared amongst main contractors, sub- contractors and clients. Minimising environmental damage means less quantity of landfill space used and reduced environmental impacts associated with extracting, transporting and manufacturing the raw materials. At a corporate level, reducing waste can bring the following benefits to clients, main contractors and sub- contractors:- It demonstrates commitment to sustainability. It reduces the organisations carbon print Engenders a culture of material efficiency in all project activities. It provides evidence of environmental policies being put into place. Prevention of wastage of materials and recycling of waste reduces exhaustion of natural resources such as trees, oil and minerals. Sub- contractors should consider the following to reduce waste:- Use safe and secure storage Develop a strategy that minimises waste For moving materials, consider mechanical systems and machinery Off- site manufacture or construction should be considered Monitor construction activities Packaging must be used in an efficient way People must be trained and educated on how to reduce waste 4.3. People involved in taking action against reducing waste Waste is equal responsibility between all parties of the supply chain, starting from the client to the waste contractor. All involved cannot work in isolation to manage waste. 4.3.1 Clients Clients need to show initiative and leadership by setting rules and requirements for the proper use of materials and communicating these rules and requirements to the project team. The clients need to ensure that the issues with materials waste are discussed. It is also in the clientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s best interest to ensure that all people involved are making an effort to reduce waste. 4.3.2 Main Contractors Main contractors have to pass on the information about material waste that the client has given him. The main contractor is to develop a site waste management plan that has estimates of wastes that will be generated. The plan needs to include a strategy to reduce waste. The contractor is to monitor waste data by gathering site waste data and comparing them against site waste data. 4.3.3 Sub- Contractors The sub- contractor must support the main contractors in order to ensure delivery of the clientà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s requirements. Sub- contractors must provide accurate waste estimates for their trade. Sub- contractors can develop actions to reduce waste and submit their ideas to the main contractors. The efficient and proper use of materials must be managed and controlled by sub- contractors to ensure that waste is minimised. On completion of a project, the sub- contractor must provide accurate data on the amount of waste, how was it generated and how it can be reduced. 4.4. Approach to waste reduction Sub- contractors can use four stages to reduce waste:-   Planning Implementation Review Improvement 4.4.1.1. Planning Figure 2 Source: www.org.uk/construction The site management plan is developed by the main contractor during this stage. The waste estimates are developed by sub- contractors. Reductions in waste can be realised by bringing in sub- contractors into the site waste management planning exercise. A waste management plan which is developed by the main contractor should have the following key features:- The waste targets that are set by the client, An estimate of the waste that could be generated on site, Solutions to reduce the waste and, Solutions for wastes going to landfills Main contractors need to ensure that sub- contractors are engaged and challenged on the waste they are likely to generate. Contractors and sub- contractors can manage a process of waste reduction that will allow them to meet the waste targets, if estimates of the quantities of materials and the waste likely to be generated are produced accurately. The following actions can assist the sub- contractors with reducing waste:- Accurate information to be used- when pricing projects, the information used must be up to date, in the correct format and must be accurate. The checklist can be used to check the quality of information. The check list will include:- Are the designs and specifications up to date? Is the latest issue of drawings? Is there any further information needed? Are the drawings in the correct format allowing scaling and printing? Use CAD drawings-Drawings must be available in digital format so that the information is accurate and to scale. This way contractors, sub- contractors and suppliers can have access to the same information and errors can be avoided. Carry out site measurements- if site measurements are carried out, more accurate estimates will be produced. Identifying the causes of waste- all causes must be identified at tender stage. 4.4.1.2. Implementation The implementation of the waste reduction strategy relates to the construction phase of the project. At the implementation stage, the practical measures to reduce waste on site, which is agreed at planning stage can now be implemented. During construction, waste management and waste reduction measures must be implemented. Contractors and sub- contractors must make sure that the waste management solutions that they proposed are put into action. They must also ensure that their effect is monitored regularly through project reviews. At each project review, reports on waste must be produced to assist the team to check performance and look for opportunities to reduce waste. While the project progresses, as each track is completed, reviews of individual performance should be carried out and feedback provided so that:- Sub- contractors can identify how efficient they were on the project. Main contractors can decide which trade contributes what quantity of materials to the waste stream and why. Main contractors and sub- contractors can learn lessons that will enable to improve on reducing waste. Main contractors and sub- contractors can learn lessons which will enable them to improve on reducing waste on projects. An important role in the way waste is generated on site is by construction activities. By main contractors and sub- contractors working together at this stage of the project, obstacles can be removed to increase material efficiency. This can be achieved by taking the following actions:- Implement a Waste Minimisation Strategy for the project as part of the Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) SWMPà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s will soon become a mandatory requirement for many projects. The SWMP must contain detailed measures complying with relevant waste legislation and must also include good practise guidance and objectives in order to maximise reduction, re- use and recovery of construction waste. Develop a logistics strategy that minimises waste- A major contributor to waste is poor logistics. Solutions like just in time delivery, helps reduce damage to materials and products by minimising the time they are stored on site. Use safe, suitable and secure storage- For tradeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s f materials that cannot fall under just in time delivery, suitable, safe and secure storage should be provided to avoid damage during storage and moves. Consider mechanical systems and machinery to move materials- This is useful for trades where materials are delivered in large quantities. Mechanical handling of materials will minimise damage and loss of the materials. Off-site manufacture and construction- This will improve efficiency and quality. It minimises the amount of work on site. Monitor and programme construction activities- The activities should be regularly reviewed. Work must be planned to avoid the overlapping of incompatible trades working in the same area. Use packaging in an efficient way- Packaging is one of the largest waste streams in the construction industry. Situations occur were either too much packaging is provided or too less packaging. The ways of reducing or eliminating packaging, needs to be investigated by main and sub- contractors. Trade and educate people on how to reduce waste- Personal responsibility needs to be allocated on site for waste reduction. Incentives should be given to people in order for them to reduce waste. Training and tool box talks on waste minimisation must be done to inform workers. There needs to be more interaction between estimators, buyers, site managers and operators. The following best practise activities should also be incorporated in the process of monitoring performance during construction:- A site manager should be appointed by main contractors to reduce waste on site. The position does not have to be a full time task. The role and responsibilities must be clearly defined to the site waste manager. The site waste manager should co- ordinate with sub- contractors to ensure availability of storage conditions. The site waste manager should keep a record of all material entering the site in order to reconcile against what has been used. A trade waste manager should be appointed by sub- contractors. In cases where materials are not supplied directly by the main contractors, the sub- contractors must liaise with the Site Waste Manager to make sure that the materials are supplied in an appropriate manner and in the correct quantity. Site Waste managers should monitors costs and the volumes of disposals of materials. 4.4.1.3. Review Figure 4 Source: www.org.uk/construction As each work package is completed and at the end of a project, a review of waste performance must take place as part of the final account and post project review. A review of waste performance should be carried out when each sub- contractor completes their work. Reviewing the data and providing feedback can have benefits such as :- Determining whether waste minimisation and management strategy is effective. Find out what works and what doesnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t work in reducing waste. Determine how efficient main/ sub- contractors were on the project. Main contractors can look at the trades and the amount of waste it generates. Capture relevant data for future reference. Sub- contractors and main contractors can learn lessons which will assist them in improving the waste performance on projects. Actions that can be taken at the end of projects:- Post Completion Reconciliation- making a comparison of the net quantity of materials used with the quantity ordered. The quantity of materials un- used provides a measure of how efficient usages of materials have been. Any reasons should be investigated and recorded. Carry- out reviews of performance against targets- Workshops should be carried out at regular intervals as part of the project reviews to access performance. Record Data- Capturing waste data should be continuous across different project types. This will allow contractors, clients and sub- contractors to decide how efficient material usage is and the effect it had on profit and overall project waste. 4.4.1.4. Improvement Figure 5 Source: www.org.uk/construction Companies can demonstrate best practise and a company- wide commitment to waste minimisation and management for an improved reputation with clients by improving performance. In improving performance, the waste minimisation is the ability to deliver projects for a lower cost which is the main benefit. Actions such as the following can be taken:- Share the lessons that have been learnt- A good way to improve performance is to learn from experience. The issues relating to minimisation and managing waste are new and good and bad experiences need to be shared across the construction industry. Promoting Innovation- By finding and identifying new ideas in the field of waste management and minimisation, clients, contractors and sub- contractors can contribute to increasing requirements for reducing construction environmental impact. Raise Awareness- All participants to the construction process can improve their performance on reducing waste, increase profits and by promoting a more sustainable image of the industry by raising awareness. Demonstrate better financial and environmental results- Contractors and sub- contractors can demonstrate through examples for future tenders and this can provide competitive advantages. 5. WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste management is defined as the collection, transportation, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term waste management normally relates to materials produced by human activity. This process is generally done to reduce their effect on health and the environment. Waste management is a distinctive practice from resource recovery which forces on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes, treats all materials as individual class, whether solid, liquid or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods. Waste management practises differ for developed and developing countries, they also differ for urban and rural areas and for industrial and residential producers. Waste management for non- hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, whilst waste management for non- hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. 5.1 Waste handling and transportation Waste collection vehicles in South Africa, dustbins and waste sorting moulded plastic are some collection methods. Waste collection methods vay widely among different countries and regions. Areas in the less developed countries, do not have formal waste collection systems. 5.2. Waste Management Concepts There are a number of different concepts regarding waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most widely used concepts are:- Waste Hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Reduceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Reuseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Recycleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which are known as the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 Rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. These classify waste management strategies according to their appeal n terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of waste management strategies. The aim of the hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. Polluter Pays Principal Polluter Pays Principal is a principal where the polluting party pays gor the impact caused to the environment. In regard to waste management, this refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste. 6. HAZARDOUS WASTE A major concern too many countries in the world is hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are discarded materials that make them potentially harmful to health and safety of humans and the environment. Chemicals, heavy metals or substances generated as by products during commercial manufacturing, discarded paint, thinners, cleaning fluids and batteries can all be included as hazardous waste. Hazardous waste can be in the form of liquids, solids or gases. Hazardous waste sites can pose as a public health threat if the sites are not properly designed or managed. A Hazardous Waste Worker Training Programme (HWWTP) was created to support the Health and Safety of workers who work with hazardous waste. In order to minimize uncontrolled hazardous wastes, all involved in the transportation must comply with the SANS 10406 on Transportation of Dangerous Goods. The objectives of the transportation of Hazardous wastes are:- To ensure the correct packaging, temporary storage and collection prior to transportation, to prevent accidental spillage into the environment and minimise the impact if spillage occurs. To ensure that the hazardous waste arrives safely at a permitted facility. To ensure that emergency facilities are in place before accidents occur and the hazardous wastes are correctly marked so as to aid the emergency team. 7. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DEBRIS Construction and demolition materials consist of the debris generated during the construction,

Effectiveness of conventional language therapy in stroke patients

Effectiveness of conventional language therapy in stroke patients Stroke is a major non-communicable disease of increasing socio-economic importance in aging populations. According to the world health organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease report, stroke was the second leading cause of mortality worldwide in 1990 the third leading cause of mortality in developed countries, (1), causing approximately 4.4 million deaths worldwide. (2), the most recent estimates showed that in 2002, the number of deaths due to stroke reached 5.51 million worldwide, with two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Stroke also is a major cause of long-term disability, has an enormous emotional socioeconomic impact on patient, families health services. Speech language problems are common sequelae of stroke that significantly impact the daily lives of stroke survivors. Reduced speech language skills have negative ramifications on the individuals social, vocational recreational activities, often leading to social isolation, loneliness. Given the importance of communication to the stroke survivors quality of life, it is essential that rehabilitation professionals recognized address the speech language disorders associated with stroke. Normal speech language is extraordinarily complex. A number of steps are required, some accomplished sequentially some in parallel that incorporate the following: Conceptualization of an idea generation of a communicative goal. Formulation of a grammatically structural sequence of verbal symbols (words), each consisting of an interacting set of ordered sounds. Selection of a series of neural commands (or) sensorimotor programs that will activate co articulated times, durations, intensities Central peripheral nervous system innervations of muscles of respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation to produce the intended acoustic signal. Stroke can disrupt any of the stages of speech language, resulting in one (or) more of the disorder of aphasia. Disruption to the initial stage involving the structure rules of the linguistic message results in aphasia. Aphasia has been defined as a multimodality language disorder resulting from damage to brain areas that sub serves the formulation understanding of language its components (i.e., phonology, syntax, morphology semantics). Brocas aphasia: It is a motor aphasia (or) non-fluent aphasia. In this type of aphasia, speech output is highly reduced and is limited mainly to short utterances of less than 4 words. The vocabulary access is limited and the sound formation by the patients with Brocas aphasia is often laborious and clumsy. The patient may understand speech relatively well and also be able to read, but be limited in writing. Brocas aphasia is often named as a non fluent aphasia due to the halting of the speech. Fluency: Non-fluent Slow effortful output Short phrase length (less than 4 words) Disrupted prosody of speech. Oral Expression: Agrammatism: Uses primarily substantive content words (nouns, verbs) with few functional words (pronouns, prepositions, articles), most sentences are simplified. May have an associated apraxia of speech. Auditory Comprehension: Relatively good comprehension except for sentences that involve syntactic complexity. Repetition: Poor. Restoration of normal communicational activities of patient is the primary goal of rehabilitation. To reach the aim the physiotherapist can use conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy. Conventional language therapy includes Exercise, Naming, Repetition, sentence completion, following the instructions of therapist and Conversation. The conventional language therapy helps the patient to relearn the simple communicable activities. Constraint induced language therapy includes Word Games like (i) Material constraint (use of minimal pairs), (ii) Shaping rule constraints (form sentences), (iii) Reinforcement constraints. The constraint induced language therapy helps the patient to improve the communicable activities. The combination of conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy would bring about excellent improvements in communicational activities. The commonly used parameter to evaluate the outcome of treatment procedures are the western aphasia battery. The parameter selected for this study is the western aphasia battery. The pre post test values of western aphasia battery will be computed in numbers for comparison. Thus the study intended to compare the effect of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy in improving the communicational activities of stroke patient. This study facilitates to find out the most effective treatment to improve the communicational activities of stroke patients in society at the earliest. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. To determine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. To determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia To find out the effective treatment regarding language functional status in post ischemic stroke Brocas aphsia. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS The null hypothesis states that there was no any significant difference between conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS The alternate hypothesis states that there was significant difference between conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Pulvermuller F, et. al., (2001) Conducted a study on patients having chronic aphasia were assigned randomly to one group to receive either conventional language therapy or constraint induced language therapy. Patients in both groups received the same level of treatment (30 to 35 hours) as 10 days of massed practice language exercises for the CILT group ( 3 hours/day minimum; for 10 patients) or over a longer period of approximately 4 weeks for the conventional language therapy group ( 7 patients). CILT led to significant and pronounced improvements on approved clinical tests, on self-ratings, and on blinded observer readings of the patients communicative effectiveness in day to day life. Results suggest that the language skills of patients having chronic aphasia can be improved in a short course by the use of an appropriate massed practice method that focuses on the patients communicative needs. 2. Swearengin JA, et. al., (2006) Conducted a pilot study on a group of individuals with chronic aphasia. Here we compared treatment that required forced use of the language modality, CILT, to treatment allowing all modes of communication. Both treatments were administrated intensively, using the same therapeutic stimuli tasks. The results suggest that whereas both interventions yielded positive outcomes, but CILT group showed more consistent improvement on standard aphasia measures and clinician judgments of narrative discourse. Thus these results findings suggest that CILT intervention may be a viable approach to aphasia rehabilitation. 3. Jerzy P. Szaflarski et. al., Conducted a pilot study on three male patients with moderate to severe post-stroke aphasia. They received CILT 3-4 hours per day for 5 successive days. Pre and post testing included formal language evaluation, linguistic analysis of story retell and mini communication activity log. Results showed substantial improvements in comprehension and verbal skills. Thus the results indicate that the CILT is useful tool in language restoration in after stroke. 4. Meinzer M, et. al., (2005) Conducted a study on 27 patients with chronic aphasia received 30 hours of treatment over 10 days. 12 patients were trained with CILT program, for 15 patients the training included a module of written language and an additional training in everyday communication plus CILT. The outcome measures included standardized neurolinguistic testing. The results showed more pronounced and increased language function for patients of the group CILT plus. Thus this effective intervention can be successfully used in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia patients. 5. Sanjit K. Bhogal BA et. al., Conducted a recent study on aphasic patients had determined that intense aphasia therapy (CILT)over a short period of time has greater impact on recovery than less intense therapy over a longer period of time. Thus this study examines other aspects of aphasia therapy that may be combined to facilitate recovery. Several areas of aphasia therapy have proven to be more effective than others. 6. Cynthia M. Shewan et. al., (2004) Conducted a study on aphasic patients who received one of three types of speech and language treatment was compared with that in aphasic patients who received no treatment. One hundred aphasic patients were followed from 2 to 4 weeks post on set for 1 year or until recovery, using a standardized test battery administered at systematic intervals. Both treatment methods were provided, while the method provided by trained nonprofessionals approached statistical significance. Small group size prevented resolution of the question of whether one type of treatment was superior to another. Thus the results show that language therapy improves the language status of aphasic patients. 7. Robert Teasell, MD et. al., Conducted a study on post stroke aphasic patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of aphasia therapy and aphasia recovery. Alterations in mean scores from all studies were recorded. Intensity of the therapy was recorded in means of length of therapy, hours of the therapy provided per week, and the total hours of therapy provided. Pearson correlation was used to check the relationship between changes in average scores of outcome measures and the intensity of therapy. Studies that explained a significant treatment effect gave 8.8 hours of therapy per week for 11.2 weeks versus the negative studies that only gave 2 hours per week for 22.9 weeks. On a mean, positive studies provided a total of 98.4 hours of the therapy, whereas the negative studies provided 43.6 hours of the therapy. Total length of therapy time was judged to be inversely correlated with hours of therapy provided per week (P=0.003) and total hours of therapy given (P=0.001). To tal length of therapy was inversely correlated with mean changes in Porch Index of Communicative Abilities (PICA) scores (P=0.0001). The number of hours of therapy given in a week was significantly related to greater improvement on the PICA (P=0.001) and the Token Test (P=0.027). Total number of hours of therapy was significantly correlated with higher improvement on the PICA (P References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. 8. Kelly H et. al., (2009) Conducted a study on person with aphasia. They identified 30 trials involving 1840 randomized participants that were suitable for inclusion in this review. Overall, the review shows evidence from randomized trials to suggest there may be a benefit from speech and language therapy. 9. Karyn pingel et. al., (2010) Conducted a study on 9 patients with chronic non fluent aphasia and the patients are selected by Nonrandomized control trial. One group is treated with constraint induced language therapy and next one is treated with conventional language therapy. Both groups received treatment 3h/d, 4d/wk for 2 consecutive weeks. The main outcome measure is Western aphasia battery, Boston Naming Test, Action Naming Test, and linguistic analyses. Although participants in both groups evinced positive outcomes post treatment, the results suggest that CILT subjects showed increased performance on more measures than the traditional subjects. 10. Lynn Maher et. al., (2008) Conducted a study on 48 patients with chronic aphasia. They are randomly assigned for this study. After the treatment session results suggest that individuals with chronic aphasia made substantial, measurable change on a language battery following intensive CILT in regarding with a standardized assessment tool. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intensive, constraint induced language therapy (CILT) for individuals with chronic aphasia compared with traditional aphasia therapy. 11.loading please wait Berthier ML, et. al., (2009) Conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of both memantine and CILT on chronic post stroke aphasia. Patients were randomized into two groups for interventions after baseline evaluations. The main outcome measure is Western aphasia battery and communicative activity log. In accordance with Western aphasia battery and communicative activity log the best outcomes were achieved combining memantine with CILT subjects. 12.Anastasia Raymer et, al., (2009) Conducted a study on a small group of patients with aphasia to examine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy (CILT), in which they are received CILT. In contrast to other aphasia treatment approaches like conventional language therapy. In CILT improved verbal responses than conventional language therapy in accordance with a standardized measurement tool. It is indicated by increase in assessment score. The treatment is provided on an intensive schedule, up to three hours per day for five days per week. Thus the result was concluded that CILT was useful in rehabilitation of language function in aphasia. MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGY MATERIALS Couch. Chair. Pillow. Token. Picture cards. Western aphasia battery scoring sheet. METHODOLOGY Study Design Quasi Experimental Study Design. Study Setting The study was conducted at out patient department in J.K.K. Munirajah Medical Research Foundation College of Physiotherapy, Komarapalayam and District Head Quarters Hospital, Erode under the supervision of the concerned authorities Sampling Method Convenient sampling method. Sample Size Thirty patients with Ischemic Stroke Brocas aphasia, who comes under the inclusion criteria, were taken for the study. Study Duration The study was conducted for a course of 4 months (5 sittings per week). Inclusion Criteria Age group 40-60 years. Both sexes. Right-handed persons Primary Language is Tamil. Adequate hearing and vision to participate in language therapy Unilateral Left CVA involvement Moderate To moderately severe aphasia. Non-fluent aphasia Cognition > 11(MMSE). Exclusion Criteria Degenerative or Metabolic illness. Severe depression or psychiatric disorders. Brainstem stroke. Recurrent stroke History of other neurological impairment (e.g. dementia) Non-Tamil speaking Deaf and dumb Severe apraxia of speech. Parameters Western Aphasia Battery Token Test. Mini Mental State Examination Porch Index of Communicative Abilities (PICA). Technique: Conventional language therapy Exercises Naming Repetition Sentence completion Following instructions Conversations on patients interest topics Constraint induced language therapy Constraint means: Avoiding the use of compensatory strategies such as gesturing, drawing, writing etc. Forced use : Means communicating by talking, and Massed practice : Means 2 to 4 hrs of speech therapy a day. Word Games Material constraints Shaping and rule constraints Reinforcement contingencies Procedure A total number of 30 patients having Ischemic Stroke Brocas aphasia who met the inclusion criteria were recruited by convenient sampling method. After the informed consent obtained, they were partitioned into two groups as Group A and Group B, with 15 patients in each. Hence prior to the onset of treatment, pre-tests were conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and results were recorded for both groups. After a clarifying demonstration about Conventional language therapy, Group A subjects were subjected to Conventional language therapy with supervised for a period of 4 months. After a clarifying demonstration about Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy, Group B subjects were subjected to Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy for a period of 4 months. In the last session, a post test was conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and the results were recorded. In fine, the analysis of the recorded results was carried out for the purposes of comparing the pre-test Vs post-test results, in turn the treatment techniques. Statistical Tool The statistical tools used in the study were pairedt test and unpairedt test. Pairedt test: The pairedt test was used to find out the statistical significance between pre and post test of patients treated with Conventional Language Therapy and Constrained induced language therapy in Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia separately. Formula: Pairedt test: s = t = d = difference between pre test Vs post test values = mean difference n = total number of subjects s = standard deviation. Unpaired t test: The unpaired t test was used to compare the statistically significant difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t test: s = t = n1 = total number of subjects in group A n2 = total number of subjects in group B = difference between pre test Vs post test of group A = mean difference between pre test Vs post test of group A = difference between pretest Vs post test of group B = mean difference between pre test Vs post test of group B s = standard deviation. DATA PRESENTATION TABLE -I S.No GROUP- A Conventional Language Therapy GROUP- B Conventional Language Therapy with Constraint Induced Language Therapy Pre-Test Post-Test Pre-Test Post-Test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 44 46 42 43 45 44 43 44 49 50 43 44 42 45 45 63 61 69 61 65 65 60 66 70 73 67 66 62 68 69 45 45 42 44 43 50 49 44 43 43 45 43 42 46 44 75 73 75 80 81 80 73 75 75 80 72 80 75 81 82 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This portion deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from group A and Group B who underwent Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapy TABLE II Group A Table II represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and paired t value between pre test Vs post test values of Patient Rated Brocas Aphasia Evaluation for group A who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy. Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test 44.6 21.07 3 26.31 Post test 65.67 It shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation; the paired t value of pre Vs post sessions of group A was 26.31 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.6, the post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. Graph I -Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group A Pre Post test values TABLE III Group B Table III represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and pairedt value of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation for group B, who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapy Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test 44.53 32.6 4.29 29.41 Post test 77.3 Table III shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation; the pairedt value of pre Vs post sessions of group B was 29.41 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.53, the post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. Graph II Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group B Pre Post test values TABLE IV Table IV represents the comparative mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and unpairedt value between group A and group B on Brocas Aphasia Evaluation. Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Unpaired t value Group A 21.07 11.53 3.7 8.54 Group B 32.6 Table IV shows the analysis of group A and group B with Brocas Aphasia Evaluation. The unpairedt value of 8.54 was greater than the tabulated unpaired t value of 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance which showed that there was statistically significant difference between group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07 and the mean value of group B was 32.6, and the mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was a greater improvement in group B when compared to group A. Therefore, the study is rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis. Graph III Mean difference of Group A and Group B Western Aphasia Battery DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy versus Conventional language therapy with Constraint induced language therapy in improving language function in ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. Based on Berthier ML. et.al., (2009) Karyn pingel et.al., (2010) Studies Western Aphasia Battery was selected as parameter in present study. In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group A: The paired t value of 26.31 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between pre and post results. The pre test mean was 44.6, post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy after 4 months. In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group B: The paired t value of 29.41 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between pre and post results. The pre test mean was 44.53, post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy after 4 months. The results of studies conducted by Jerzy P. Szarflarski.et.al., Meinzer M et.al., Anastasia Raymer, supported the present study in which Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy was given. IN THE COMPARISON OF GROUP A AND GROUP B: In the analysis and interpretation of Language Function between group A and group B: In the analysis and interpretation of Language function, the unpairedt value of 8.54 which is greater than the tabulated t value of 2.05, at 0.05 level of significance and 28 degrees of freedom, which showed that there was statistically significant difference between the pre test Vs post test results of group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07, mean value of group B was 32.6 and mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was significant improvements regarding language functional status in group B compared to group A in response to treatment. Based on the statistical analysis and interpretation of the results, the present study showed that there was significant improvement regarding language functional status based on (increase) in Western Aphasia Battery in patients with Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia treated with Conventional language therapy with onstraint induced language therapy. Therefore, the present study is accepting alternate hypothesis and rejecting null hypothesis. Reason for Improvements in Conventional Language Therapy It increases the efficiency and strength of language skills. In conventional language therapy regular exercise and practices are used. It helps to strengthen the weak muscles and to prevent it from further degeneration. Reactivation of the cortex was due to increased responsiveness of weak inputs from neighboring areas. It takes over of existing descending pathways from premotor and supplementary motor cortex which is involved in language control. It used to help a survivor of an aphasic regain his ability to talk, recognize voice patterns and regain the ability to relate words to images. It helps to regaining control over the voice cords is an important part of therapy. Reason for improvements in constraint induced language therapy Constraint induced language therapy is very intensive treatment with sessions lasting for up to 6 hours over the course of 10 days so it gives repeated stimulus to brain. Constraint induced language therapy principles are motivated by neuroscience insights about learning at the level of nerve cells (synaptic plasticity). So it helps to regain language skills. Constraint induced language therapy contrasts sharply with traditional therapy by the strong belief that mechanisms to compensate for lost language function should not be used unless absolutely necessary, even in everyday life. It make coupling between cortical systems for language and action in the human brain and it reverses the elements of learned disuse. It produces some reorganizational changes during language practice. Reason for improvements in conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy It enhances both parallel and hierarchical processing with in central nervous system which induced stored areas of the brain and it result in enhancing effective recovery. It consists of various throat and neck exercises, such as Cognitive Linguistic Therapy. Cognitive Linguistic Therapy concentrates on the patients emotions, coaching them on how to respond to tones of voice or words describing emotions, such as happy. It encourages the patients (constrained) to use their remaining verbal abilities to succeed in the communication game. Here the interaction is guided by communicative need in a language game context, picture cards, and the barriers making it impossible to see other players cards, and other materials, so that it induces active participation of patient. It is believed that CILT works by the mechanism of increased neuroplasticity. By constraining an individual to use only speech, it is believed that their brain can reestablish old neural pathways and recruit new neural pathways to compensate for lost function SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy alone with combined effect of Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy on language function in Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. A total number of 30 subjects with Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia were selected by convenient sampling method after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then informed consents were obtained from subjects individually. Western Aphasia Battery was taken as the parameter. Pre test data were collected for group A and group B patients and computed. Group A patients were subjected to Conventional language therapy and Group B patients were subjected to Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy for a period of 4 Months. The results of the same parameter were recorded for comparison after four months of treatment. The paired t test was used to compare the pre versus post test results of Group A and Group B separately. The unpaired t test was used to compare the mean difference of