Philosophy in Mathematics Essay -- essays papers

Philosophy in Mathematics Mathematics has contributed to the alteration of applied science over many years. The most noticeable mathematical technology is the evolution of the abacus to the many variations of the calculator. Some people argue that the changes in technology have been for the smash while others argue they have been for the worse. While this paper does not address specifically technology, this paper rather addresses influential persons in philosophy to the field of maths. In order to understand the impact of mathematics, this paper will delve into the three philosophers of the past who have contributed to this academic. In this paper, I will cover the views of three philosophers of mathematics encompassing their history, views and effects on technology. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), G. W. Leibniz (1646-1716), and Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) (Ebersole, S. (5)) are the three philosophers. Though all three of these philosophers contributed their own reviews on the su bject of mathematical philosophy, they all adage the world and thus its mechanical contributions as being controlled by mathematical principles. (Ebersole, S.). Rene Descartes was born, March 31, 1596 near Tours, France (Weisstein, E.), to an important family Descartes father held a position as Councilor in the local parliament. Rene was the 2nd of four children in his family, and suffered chronic illness (Wilkins, D.). At the young age of 8 years old, Descartes attended a instill for which he would hold indubitable regard, the Jesuit School at La Flche. Descartes would continue at this school for eight years until 1612 at which point the encountered the influential (on his life) Mydorge and Mersenne. Together Descartes would devot... ...d November 16, 2003, from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by W.W. Rouse Ball. Website http//www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Pascal/RouseBall/RB_Pascal.html 7.) Zalta, E. (2003). Gottfried Wilh elm Leibniz. Retrieved November 16, 2003, from The Metaphysics Research Lab. Website http//mally.stanford.edu/leibniz.html 8.) C.& G. Merriam Co. (1913) Definition. Retrieved November 16, 2003, from Websters Revised unabridged dictionary Dictionary Version, Websitewww.dictionary.com 9.) Garber, D. (1995). Review of G.W. Leibniz Critical Assessments, by Roger Woolhouse ISIS Journal of History of Science in Society, Dec 95, Vol. 86 p. 651-53. 10.) Stephanos, S. (1977). Elaboration of the Psychosomatic Phenomenon Observations on the Biography of Blaise Pascal. game Wire January 1,1977, Vol. 20 (2-3) p. 168-79

The Debt Crisis of the Eighties and Nineties Essay -- Economy Economic

The Debt Crisis of the Eighties and NinetiesThe debt crisis of the 1980s and 1990s has been one of the largesteconomic disasters of the 20th Century. It has ca apply widespreadpoverty, famine and starvation across many an(prenominal) of the third worldcountries it has touched. The Crisis did not go by unnoticedhowever. Since the mid 1990s world governments have awoken to thehorrible reality that such debt causes with attempts to lighten the annihilating affects with such programs as the Brady plan, HIPC andeventually HIPC 2. While these plans have had only limited successthe question of weather the debt crisis can be solved in the unyielding runis still to be answered.The debt crisis as it is now called did not occur in one single eventinstead it developed as a slow moving chronic syndrome1. Theprimary crisis, which occurred in Mexico in 1982, was centred onmiddle-income nations2, while the second strain occurred in poorerAfrican nations, with the effects from it still organism wel l and trulyfelt today3. For these countries the need for industrialisationmeant the need for large-scale dramatizeing. Since many of the Africannations were excluded from being aloud to borrow until the early1960s, the need to borrow a lot, quickly, was a common trendthroughout the developing nations4. The reasons for the colossalamounts of debt cannot be simply explained for they vary from coun submitto country. Some nations had corrupt militaristic governments whocared much for themselves than for their people5. While othersstruggled with failed projects and damaging economic decisions6.By the early 70s the debt had begun to accumulate. The impoverishedand debt stricken countries began to shift commodities meant for thesustenance of the people to the export sector to try and make enoughmoney to pay off their debts. Suddenly all the indebted countrieswere simultaneously selling their primary commodities on the worldmarket. The flow of coffee, coca, copper, steel, ect, had the ann ihilating effect of lowering the commodity prices causing thedeveloping nations to make much less than they had previously.Countries now had to sell two or three times what the used too to makethe same money7. Combined with the rising and falling of thedollar, and the rises of interest rates in the 80s, the third worlddebt was now even larger than ... ...continue in thelong run many of HIPC goals will be achieved.Success of HIPC and the debt cancellation plans of the 90s are indeeddifficult to judge. If success were to be measured by how much hasbeen paid out from the forecasted amount then HIPC could be viewed asa failure. However if success were judged on the increase of socialservice expenditure then yes HIPC would be seen as a successfulinitiative. The one clear success of the debt cancellation plans hasbeen public awareness. Though the cancellation process is movingslowly and only achieving a fraction of its goals18 the generalpublic of the world has now awoken to the horrors that debt can leadto. With public support behind the debt cancellation process the debtcrisis will eventually be overcome.---------------------------------------------------------------------1 La Trobe, Assignment Manual, p.1302 Ibid3 Ibid, pp.130, 1314 Ibid, p.1335 Ibid, p.1316 Ibid7 Ibid, p.1378 Ibid9 lecture10 Ibid, p.144, 14511 Ibid12 Ibid13 Ibid, p.14914 Ibid, p.15215 Ibid, p.15616 Ibid17 Ibid18 Ibid, pp. 150-153

The Police Force Essay -- American History, Police Training

Throughout history the law force has severely changed, with the first forms of policing appearing in the Anglo-Saxon period in England where the king would provide protection to the civilians for a tax (Mawby, 1999). Centuries later and the principles of protecting the people are generally the same. However, in recent clock crimes and perpetrators are becoming more sophisticated the need for higher(prenominal) abilities to control and manage these complicated situations is becoming more prevalent. It can be seen that the entry extremitys into the police force are also dramatically increasing over the decades. This paper aims to critically assess the effectiveness of higher education wants by outlining the advantages and disadvantages and how it can be improved further. To gain a further understanding a brief history of the constant debate will be analysed. At the beginning of the ordinal century, in Berkeley, California, Police Chief August Vollmer expressed his encouragement f or police to acquire a formal university education (Carte, 1973). Unfortunately it wasnt until the late mid-sixties that significant debate arose from police leaders about the effectiveness and benefits of formal qualifications, and how it plays a role in police professionalism (Roberg and Bonn 2004). The first major debate in Australia occurred in 1990 when the National Police Professionalism Implementation Advisory Committee (NPPIAC) recommended that to achieve national professionalism in police services, a university qualification should be included in the education requirements (Trofymowych, 2008). Although the topic has been debated for almost a century only minimal requirements have been applied. In Queensland the current education requirements f... ...e early 1990s it is recommended this should be the requirement instead of the current 18 months of tertiary education. The belief that the current 18 months is sufficient enough is very lacking. The main point which has been s een is to increase the professionalism of an individual, however it is sullen to believe that a person will be professional if they only achieve half a university degree then quit. A nationwide requirement needs to be set out as a minimum for the security of Australia it is believed that the advancement of skills, methods and training can only be achieved through higher levels of education. It is unclear if police will ever attain professional status however it is believed that with the correct structure and implementation, higher education will play the decision making factor. Although it is also believed that there is still a long way to go.

Management Techniques For The Red-cockaded Woodpecker On Federal Lands :: essays research papers

Management Techniques For The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker On Federal LandsABSTRACTThe red-cockaded dick (Picoides borealis) has been listed as an endangeredspecies since October, 1970. This species inhabits pine forests in thesoutheastern United States where the absolute majority of prime timberland is privatelyowned. Private ownership of preferred home ground and historically destructivesilvicultural practices create unique problems for federal wildlife managers.This report analyzes three forethought techniques being used to assess andaugment red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federal lands in the region,primarily military installations. Seeking cooperation between diversegovernment agencies, wildlife managers try on to accurately assess speciesabundance, alter woodpecker nesting cavities, and construct nest sites in aneffort to enhance red-cockaded woodpecker home ground on limited federal holdings inthe American southeast.Key words Picoides borealis, Global Positioning Syst em, Geographic InformationSystem, cavity trees, cavity restrictors     The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is an endangered speciesthat inhabits pine forests in an historical range from Texas to the Atlanticcoast (Jackson, 1986 Reed et al., 1988). Picoides borealis nest in clans orfamily groups that usually consist of one breeding pair and 2 non-breeding antheralhelpers (Jackson, 1986 ). This group establishes and defends a territory thatincludes foraging habitat and nesting "cavity trees" (Copeyon et al., 1991Jackson et al., 1986 Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Red-cockaded woodpeckerclans excavate cavities in alert pines, and have established a living andforaging routine in conjunction with the southeastern pine forests and thehistorical occurrence of fire, which reduces hardwood understory while sparingfire-resistant pines (Jackson, 1986). Much of the prime nesting and foraginghabitat for this species has been systematically eliminated due to development,timber harvest and intensive fire suppression (Jackson, 1986). The emergenceof dense hardwood understory and midstory as a result of fire suppression inred-cockaded woodpecker habitat has resulted in the abandonment of manyotherwise undisturbed areas (Jackson, 1986 Kelly et al., 1993).     The red-cockaded woodpecker has been listed as endangered since 1970(Federal Register, 1970 as cited by Ertep and Lee, 1994). Four requirementsfor sustained red-cockaded woodpecker populations that are lacking in thespecies historical range are identified as critical to species stabilization andrecovery 1.) Open pine forests with shade resistant understory controlled bycyclical fire seasons 2.) Old growth Pinus palustrus aged > 95 years and Pinustaeda aged > 75 years 3.) Approximately two hundred acres for nesting group or clan4.) Multiple clans per area to maintain genetic stability and variability(Jackson, 1986). The opportunity to establish or preserve the se habitatqualities on private timberland is largely lost due to historical harvestpractices and development, and research on expanding populations on federal

America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Sex Education

shake up education is a major cause of arguments among parents and their schools board of directors. Some parents argue that sex education should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public education system teach sex education to students? There has not been a solution that can be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isnt yet a necessity in every school only familiarity support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of todays youthfulness and make headway generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means.Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the unite States. close to all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youths lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly pertain the students future by preventing the alarming statistics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion compared to other authentic nations (Kaneshiro B.). Of the or so 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unintended. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion (Facts on American Teens Sources of Information About Sex). However, the underground would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into line with these bad trends. The opposition calls upon maternal guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental responsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm.Sullivan, Amy. How to Bring An End to the struggle of Sex Ed. Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2012. .Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin Why The Presidents Sex gentility Policy Wins. Contemporary Justice Review 13.4 (2010) 411-424. Academic expect Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs.Journal Of School Health 79.12 (2009) 565-574. Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada. Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010) 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay representative -- Sex EducationSex education is a major cause of arguments among parents and their schools board of directors. Some parents argue that sex education should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public education system teach sex education to students? There has not been a solution tha t can be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isnt yet a necessity in every school but community support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of todays youth and further generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means.Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the United States. Almost all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youths lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly impact the students future by preventing the alarming statistics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion compared to other developed nations (Kaneshiro B.). Of the approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unintended. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion (Facts on American Teens S ources of Information About Sex). However, the opposition would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into line with these bad trends. The opposition calls upon parental guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental responsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm.Sullivan, Amy. How to Bring An End to the war of Sex Ed. Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2012. .Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin Why The Presidents Sex Education Policy Wins. Contemporary Justice Review 13.4 (2010) 411-424. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs.Journal Of School Health 79.12 (2009) 565-574. Health Source Nursin g/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada. Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010) 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Sex Education

conjure up breeding is a major cause of arguments among parents and their schoolhouses board of directors. Some parents argue that energise training should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public raising system teach sex education to students? at that place has not been a solution that muckle be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isnt yet a necessity in either school but community support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of immediatelys youth and further generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means.Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the United States. Almost all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youths lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly impact the students future by preventing the alarming stati stics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and spontaneous abortion compared to different developed nations (Kaneshiro B.). Of the approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unint demolitioned. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion (Facts on American Teens Sources of Information About Sex). However, the opposition would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into track with these questioning trends. The opposition calls upon parental guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental responsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm.Sullivan, Amy. How to leave An wind up to the war of Sex Ed. Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2 012. .Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin Why The Presidents Sex Education Policy Wins. Contemporary Justice check over 13.4 (2010) 411-424. faculty member Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs.Journal Of School Health 79.12 (2009) 565-574. Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada. Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010) 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Sex EducationSex education is a major cause of arguments among parents and their schools board of directors. Some parents argue that sex education should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public education system teach sex ed ucation to students? There has not been a solution that can be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isnt yet a necessity in every school but community support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of todays youth and further generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means.Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the United States. Almost all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youths lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly impact the students future by preventing the alarming statistics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion compared to other developed nations (Kaneshiro B.). Of the approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unintended. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion (Facts on American Teens Sources of Information About Sex). However, the opposition would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into line with these bad trends. The opposition calls upon parental guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental responsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm.Sullivan, Amy. How to Bring An End to the war of Sex Ed. Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2012. .Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin Why The Presidents Sex Education Policy Wins. Contemporary Justice Review 13.4 (2010) 411-424. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs.Journal Of S chool Health 79.12 (2009) 565-574. Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada. Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010) 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

Henry David Thoreau Essay

Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862) was an American writer and philosopher famous for his naturalistic and anarchical ideas as hygienic as his adherence to the military campaign of transcendental philosophy. Thoreau was a vegetarian, actively stood against slavery and war, and was one of the frontmost who supported Darwins theory of evolution. Among his numerous deeds, the best known are his essay, Civil Disobedience, a annunciation against injustice and an push for individualistic opposition to civil government, and the withstand Walden, where Thoreaus reflects his personalized experience of living frank life in natural environment.Although these works, want many others of Thoreau, are considered transcendental and had been published ages ago, the ideas and concepts they contain may still at some point be related to the issues we may face spell living in the 21st century. In general, the core of transcendental beliefs is a faith into a perfect spiritual state of mind that transcends both empirical and physical. It can only be realized through the persons intuition, not through the doctrines of any existing religions. Therefore, it is rather a philosophy so a religion.The transcendentalism was grounded on principles that are transcendental, i. e.based not upon sensual experiences unless upon inner feelings and empirical, spiritual essence of a human. (En. wikipedia. org) American transcendentalism was mainly dominating in the first half of the 19th century, encouraging to abandon our mundane world, establish end relationship between human and character, and to dilute on ideal existence through spiritual abundance and self-reliance. Henry David Thoreau was admitted as a co-founder of this social movement not only for his salient thoughts on transcendentalism, nevertheless also for his empirical ideas and personal practice of his beliefs, which was greatly illustrated in his most famous book, Walden.The book firstly released as Walden, or Life in the woods (1854) was later widely recognized as one of the best non-fictional works of American authors. Living amidst woodland that belonged to R. W. Emerson, his friend and another founder of transcendentalism, near Concord, Massachusetts, in the small unpretentious self-built cabin, Thoreau mainly aimed to isolation from society for its better, more objective understanding. He stayed there alone for almost two years but unbroken receiving and returning visits. For example, he ofttimes went to Emersons huse for mel and converstion.Moreover, as he indicates in the book, the cabin was located at the edge of townspeople, not in the wilderness, even not far away from his family home. Therefore, he focuses readers attention on the importance of humans niggardliness to the nature, self-reliance and meditation. The book combines Thoreaus autobiography with a criticism of society, namely American consumerism, materialism, and nature destruction, the issues still common in our centur y as well. such(prenominal) experiment of cut-off living was made by Thoreau for special purposes.First, he tried to escape the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution through keeping agrarian lifestyle. Interesting fact, the experiment was of a temporary character, and in the book Thoreau strongly advises his readers to avoid repeating it. Thus, anyone who studies Thoreaus works has to keep in mind that at some degree they should be approached philosophically rather than understood literally. Second, the writer wanted to practically experience the main transcendental belief that each individual can transcend from normal to divine by means of nature itself.Like other members of the movement, in the Walden Thoreau, for example, speaks about Vedic concepts to illustrate his vision of the nature. I lay guttle the book and go to my well for water, and lo There I meet the servant of Brahmin, priest of Brahma, and Vishnu, and Indra, who still sits in his temple of the Ganges rec itation the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water-jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate unneurotic in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the sacred water of the Ganges. (Thoreau 221)At some point, Thoreaus attempts to promote the ideals of transcendentalism may seem to be meshuggeneh and rather inapplicable. In fact, after an in-depth analysis, Thoreaus ideals may even look infeasible, namely his appeals to ascetic way of living and refusal of common human needs. In the area of critical thinking, impossibility to follow the idea of living without any blessings of civilization is rather obvious. The average American who lives in the 21st century can but imagine him- or herself without Internet connection, using cell-phones, driving cars, or going to supermarkets. Nevertheless, it is possible at certain degree.Moreover, due to global ecology problems, it even may become necessary for to each one of us to refuse some advantages of our daily welfare for the great purpose of saving the world from environmental catastrophe. For this reason Walden, as well as many other Thoreaus works, is frequently quoted by specialists who work in various fields and are concerned with the environmental problems of the existence in general and in the USA in particular. While the whole issue of bad ecology becomes more and more crucial, Thoreaus idea of simple life in the forest turns out to be not as unsuitable as it seemed at first glance.It is important to mention that Thoreaus works on natural history is a great anticipation of findings and methods in the fields of ecology and the history of environment, which later became main sources of nowadays movement of environmentalism. In the book Earth Rising American Environmentalism in the 21st Century we read that some one hundred fifty years ago, transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau, sitting in his minute cabin on Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts, was already mourning the loss of the wilderness and the debilitating effect of industrialism on the human spirit. (Shabecoff 16)Thoreau significant persuade onto the entire concept of nature preservation and conservation is unquestionable. In the United States the movement expanded in the 1800s, out of concerns for protecting the natural resources of the West, with individuals such as John Muir and Henry David Thoreau making key philosophical contributions. Thoreau was interested in peoples relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Walden, which argues that people should become intimately close with nature.The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism. The conservation movement is a political, social and scientific movement that aims to protect natural resources, including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future. Chiefly in the United States, conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism in that it seeks to keep on natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans.In other parts of the world conservation is employ more broadly to acknowledge the setting aside of natural areas and the active protection of wildlife for their inherent value. (En. wikipedia. org) Because of Thoreau and his associates man became truly concerned about the nature, the world we live in. He can unimpeachably be called a pioneer ecologist. Numerous contemporary movements and organizations prove the actuality of environment problem and therefore significance of all Thoreaus works related to nature preservation.For example, his vision of the environmental issues in the 19th century became a ground for the book From Walden to Wall Street Frontiers of Conservation Finance written in the up-to-the-minute times. Why do we invest in conservation? Why do human beings invest their time, energy and financial resources in protection of land, plants, and animals? We invest in conservation because it is an expression of our faith in the future. Conservation investment is an expression of our faith in the future of natural systems that are essential to life on Earth.It is an expression of our faith in the future of deeply loved natural wonders. And it is an expression of faith in the future of our families and communities whose lives will be immeasurably enriched by the living world that we are striving to sustain. (Levitt 3) Here is one more evidence on how outstanding were the Thoreaus works and what a great impact they made and still do. In Walden he included a famous aphorism that in wilderness is the preservation of the world.Thoreau kindled the wilderness Religion that found fertile ground in America and provided a spiritual basis for conservation. In The Main Woods (1864) Thoreau called for the establishmen t of national forest preserves, helping to set the stage for the National Park movement. (Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature 6) Despite of the fact that Walden is considered by some critics a failed experiment, the issues raised in the book are still of current importance. As 21st-century people, for instance, we suffer of consumerism and globalization, with their negative ethical aspects.Thoreaus prophetic awareness of them is amazing, they are as relevant now, as they used to be in his century. He rejects consumerism, its adverse effect on society with its status stratification, and still teaches us lessons vital for our survival and progress. Another kind of ideas Thoreau often promoted in his works are related to anarchism and civil disobedience. Thus, let us shift our attention to this theme of Thoreaus writings and discuss how those fit in the American viewpoint of the 21st century.In his disobedience to the American low of his times he was as prominent as in his attempts to bring humanity closer to the nature. He certainly was a key figure in the American radicalism. Disobedience was the main point in his endeavors to justif morl anrchism and to encourage each individual to act on the basis of their personal judgments, their personal opinion about the very justice rather than civil regulations. Unfortunately, Thoreau offers nothing instead and relies of his personal snse of justice, which is univrsal.Here is the historical background of the essay. Civil Disobedience is an analysis of the individuals relationship to the state that focuses on why men pursue governmental law even when they believe it to be unjust. But Civil Disobedience is not an essay of abstract theory. It is Thoreaus extremely personal retort to being imprisoned for breaking the law. Because he opposed slavery and because tax revenues contributed to the support of it, Thoreau decided to become a tax rebel. He was arrested and imprisoned.It was short as a one night but has had enduri ng effect through the writing of Civil Disobedience which has exerted its powerful force over time. (McElroy 2) In concurrence with Thoreaus ideals, the government of his days was far from perfection due to Mexican-American war and slavery expanded in the US. Therefore, the essay was written as anti-slavery and anti-war protest soon after the wars beginning. Thoreau later wrote about governmental justice. If it is of such a nature that requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law. permit your life be a counter friction to stop he machine Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also prison. (Thoreau 259) In the essay the author urges American citizens to show their disagreement to government by passive disobedience without acts of violence. such form of protest was later used by Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King who initiated movements for social changes. Thoreau was emphasizing the importance of act ing upon the persons ethical and moral beliefs. check to Thoreau, unjust law exists shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? This urge to disobedience is in tune with the message of Walden. Those who are not satisfied with the society should not obey its norms, and neither wait until the norms are changed, nor until the majority joins them, but live according to their own believes. Personal values should be compared to the ones of the contemporary society, and unless they comply, stick the voice of conscience.Thoreau also said that it costs me less in every sense to incur the penalty of disobedience to the state, than it would to obey. I should feel as if I were worth less in that case. (Thoreau 258) In fact, many of the issues pinpointed by Thoreau 150 years ago have not yet been overcome by the American society, and that strikes the most. He hated its slavish materialism as w ell as commercialism and believed that the state should never rank above the individual conscience or the business of living.But if the state demands a persons first allegiance by asking him to violate his conscience and participate in an injustice, the person should disobey not through violence but by removing his cooperation. (McElroy 3) Thoreau foresaw many issues typical to the modern American society. Over 150 years ago he predicted the crisis, spiritual and moral, that now corrodes it. The writer still begs us to slow down our hectic lives, to review our values, and to live in harmony with our consciences. He repeatedly talks about the possibility to establish a society where the justice is apprehended and the beauty of the nature is preserved.

Margaret Fuller’s Influence Essay

As a woman in the 19th century, the odds were against Margaret pregnant. Despite adversity, she became a literary pupil and icon for woman to strive to emulate for greatness. Margaret brimmings developwork forcet as a writer marked the transformation of America. Through overladens influence, a young country looking primarily to writers overseas for its literature became a more self-confident nation. Margaret Fuller was an American literary critic, feminist critic, neighborly critic, essayist, poet, letter writer, and pioneer.She is often considered the countrys first woman with a nationally positive reputation. Margaret Fullers intellect was further recognized by Ralph Waldo Emerson as being equivalent to the intelligence of a man. Therefore, it can be said that she paved the way for women to aspire to achieve success. By examining the literary whole kit of Margaret Fuller, her writings plainly reflect American women as a whole and would be more affective to readers as a notab le part in the English curriculum. Margaret Fuller was born on May 23, 1810, in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts.She was the oldest of nine children born to Unitarian parents who raised her with strong discipline. As a result of her upbringing, Margaret Fuller became a high-strung child prodigy (Goodwin). Fullers combination of domestic and professional accomplishments is attributed to the education she received from her father, Timothy Fuller. This strict education gave her a special ability to analyze the strengths and limitations of both masculinity and femininity. Margaret Fuller became a teacher at the Bronson Alcott Temple School for women.The Alcott School was a controversial view to learn at because the students were taught about integration and the social acceptance of others. Fuller was a revolutionary figure for women because it was illegal to teach women oral communication skills and to go by them the insight to philosophize current situations in politics, the work place, and the home. She wanted women to become independent, creative thinkers. Fuller also joined Ralph Waldo Emerson and others to found the control. She served as the editor of The Dial for two years, then published her feminist classic, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, in 1845 (Goodwin).By the time of her death in 1850 at age 40, in a shipwreck while returning to the United States in, Margaret Fuller had become a near legend for her courage, passionate political advocacy and unconventional lifestyle. by chance one of her most noted books, Women of the Nineteenth Century was the examination of men and women in America. Woman of the Nineteenth Century speaks out against the degradation and the slavery of women. Fuller wrote, Tremble not before the free man, but the slave who has chains to break. In slavery women are on a par with men.Each is a work tool, an article of property, no more In perfect freedom in the heaven where there is no marrying or giving marriage, each woman is a puri fied intelligence, an enfranchised soul no less. (Fuller 29) The basis for Fullers essay is the idea that man will rightfully inherit the earth when he becomes an lordly being, understanding the idea of divine love. The essay describes her belief that man cannot find perfection because he is burdened with selfish desires. Fuller is optimistic and says that human engaging, stock-still imperfect, is on the verge of a new awakening.She also argued that in comparison to men in Germany, America does not yet know how to properly transact women, made clear by the statement, Germany did not need to learn a high view of women it was inborn in that race. (Fuller 30) Margaret Fuller continues her thoughts by saying that Christian men emulate the way women are treated whether it be good or bad in accordance with the Bible. She claims that in the past man has of all time called for womans service, but soon will come the time when women will call for men and they will be equals and share di vine love. hotshot of Fullers main arguments is that America has been hindered from reaching equality because it inherited depravity from Europe, hence its treatment of Native and African Americans. Fuller Expresses that those who infringe on others rights are condemned because man needs to practice divine love in order to feel it. The analysis of this essay proves Margaret Fullers worth as a feminist and transcendentalist who greatly influenced American literature. Her perspectives on the roles of women and men within humanity are a key point to this essay.With these views, Fuller was a highly persuasive womens activist that should be celebrated even in modern literature. Margaret Fuller concluded that in order to explore her beliefs and her life, she need to choke and experience spiritual discovery through transcendentalism. The need for spiritual discovery led to Fullers first original book-length work, the product of her journey through what was then considered the far western frontier in mid-nineteenth-century America.This autobiography or travel log, Summer on the Lakes in 1843, occupies a pivotal position in Margaret Fullers development as a writer, a Transcendentalist, and a feminist. The book is a personal account of Fullers inner life during the summer of 1843 and is a portfolio of sketches, poems, stories, anecdotes, dialogues, reflections, and accounts of a leisurely journey to the Great Lakes. She shared with the Transcendentalists the belief that internal travel, or what Emerson called travel within the mind, was the most significant kind of journey.Her travel away from New England to visit Niagara Falls, Mackinac Island, and Rock River, Illinois, is symbolic of a larger journey that Fuller was making in her spirituality and personal discovery. design on historical sources, contemporary travel books, and her own firsthand experience of life on the prairie, Fuller used the opportunity of visiting the frontier to learn on the state of her own l ife and of life in America. Critics often claim that this meditation, or exploration of life, is what ultimately led Fuller to become such an influential writer for women all(prenominal)where.After the publication of Summer on the Lakes in 1843 the amount of women writers increased substantially. Margaret Fuller continued to write impressive workings of literature that were influential within American culture. Life Within Life Without is about the exploration of transcendentalist ideas. One of the main ideas in the essay is the cultivation of the individual, which to Fuller, included women as well as men. Fuller claims that men and women can each live two lives the outward life, passed in reading the thoughts of others, and the inward life that is the product of incessantlyy persons individual nature.The essay applies the idea that the individual has the potential to enlighten all mankind. In this essay, Fuller expresses her belief that allowing women as individuals to have gre at spiritual and intellectual freedom will advance the enlightenment of both men and women and, therefore, all of mankind. Each type of living, inward and outward, contributes to a persons overall development in thought and action. Fuller argues that these two states affect the passions, affections , and aspirations of all people. Because Fuller was passionate about giving equal rights to both men and women, this ssay was controversial.In later years, however, this essay became one of the foundations for the womens rights movement, influencing women everywhere become involved in achieving equal rights. One of Margaret Fullers last works, cover on Literature and Art, is a selection of works accumulated throughout her writing career. The papers contain some of Fullers earliest works as well as many of her later works and show the growth that she experienced through her writing over time. Along with these selections Fuller inserted segments of prose and verse.Ben Jonson wrote, Where e ver she has herself arisen in private history, and nobly shone forth in any form of excellence, men have received her, not only willingly, but with triumph. Their encomiums indeed, are always, in some sense, mortifying they show too much surprise. Can this be you? , he cries to the transfigured Cinderella well I should have never thought it but I am very glad. We will tell everyone that you have surpassed your sex. (Fuller-Ossoli) In response to Jonsons comment, Fuller compiled the works that she had written up to that point and titled the compilation Papers on Literature and Art.Fuller wanted to demonstrate the amount of progressive personal growth she had experienced through her work as a writer. The papers were an accumulation of Fullers writings that expressed her thoughts on everything from transcendentalism to feminism, her opinions, and her developing ideas. Margaret Fuller was an icon to many literary scholars and continues to have a great impact on female writers of the m odern era. Her works are important to the feminine literary movement as well as the literary movement as a whole.Any reader can learn from Margaret Fuller about personal growth, self discovery, and equality between all individuals. Fullers works were influential enough in society in her era, that they are best explored by the incorporation in English literature curriculums throughout America. Fullers influence extended to many women including womens rights activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Grace Greenwood, and Ida B. Wells. Through Fullers influence women such as these were able to pull womens American rights to the freedoms that modern women benefit from today.

A Clockwork Orange †Literary Response Essay

Nadine Gordimer, South African writer and Nobel Prize winner, said that penetrating fiction doesnt base answers, it invites questions. This quote is accurately reflected in Anthony Burgess novel, A Clockwork Orange, in which many questions and moral values are explored. Burgess strongly believed that humans ability of natural selection is the only factor distinguishing us between animals or machines. The two most predominant recurring themes of and questions relating to the novel involve good vs evil, and fate and bleak will.The novel begins with the words whats it going to be then, eh? , through which Burgess poses a literal question that ultimately leads to plectrum, and is always asked before determine ones fate. This question introduces all three parts of the novel, as well as the final chapter. The repetition emphasises the symmetrical and symbolic structure of the book. It in any case echoes one of the aforementioned explored themes fate and put down will. The novel concl udes with Alex finally deciding what its going to be, by him consciously deciding to discard his precedent violent and evil habits.Society and religion recur frequently in A Clockwork Orange, and each hold similar views and opinions concerning choice and good vs. evil. In naval division 1, Chapter 4, Alex wonders why evil is analysed and goodness is not only universally strived for, but accepted as the norm They dont go into the cause of goodness, so why of the other shop? Badness is of the self, the one, the you or me on our oddy knockies and that self is made by old Bog or God and is his great rob and radosty.But the not-self cannot have the bad, meaning they of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow the bad because they cannot allow the self. Here, Alex refers to society and authority as the not-self. He believes that people are natural evil, and suggests that conditioning human-kind to be good removes individualism. The passage concludes with Alex sayin g, I do what I do because I like to do, which is almost animalistic in the sense that his action depends solely on desire, impulse and instinct.In Part 2, Chapter 3, the questioning of fate and still will is asked yet again, from the perspective of Christianity. The chaplain refers to the Reclamation intercession a physiologically imposed behavioural modification that would render the incapability of performing evil deeds which Alex is to undergo. He asks Alex if God wants goodness or the choice of goodness. (Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some way better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? It is interesting that the questioning of free will is articulated by the novels religious figure, and that this time, it does not come from Alex himself, but is rather asked of him.The chaplain wonders if good acts are morally valueless if performed without free will, and if forced benevolence is in fact more evil than sin itself. Although he rhetorically directs this to A lex, he is essentially asking the lecturers opinion, because it is indicated in previous chapters that Alex disagrees with the conditioning of goodness.The question is left open-ended and unresolved for the reader to interpret. Thus, rather than being didactic, penetrating fiction does solicit more questions than it answers. It allows the reader to draw his or her own conclusions, rather than enforcing a particular point of view. In A Clockwork Orange, this is true in a number of ways (as demonstrated), but most powerfully in terms of the constantly revisited themes good vs. evil, and fate and free will.

Plato †The Republic, Machiavelli †The Prince, Hobbes †Leviathan Essay

1. The Lessons of NatureThe most authorized lesson I believe I have learned about modern and historical politics from my exercise of Plato, Machiavelli, and Hobbes, is that Western society has historically viewed politics as a way to grapple with benevolent nature and the self-interests which atomic number 18 believed to drive human behavior. Although this perception of human nature has opposing views among Western philosophers such as Locke, I took the collective impact of The Republic, The Prince, and Leviathan as penetrating appreciations into the hierarchical and self-interested aspects of humanity, which in most ways, by some points of view beed contrary, to me, to the essential viewpoint and philosophical perspective which may be necessary for Western society to embrace in the future.So an important insight for me, in fact, the most important insight in my opinion is that these great philosophers de none, to a very large degree, the visions of the historical, and ideas about politics, which, mend still very current, atomic number 18 probably apt to evolve in the future. One might even go so far as to suggest that the present, with its global discord and challenges presents a time of punctuated equilibrium for Western philosophical and semi governmental thought.2. Hobbes Lesson of the LeviathanTo begin with, viewing the massive, sometimes oppressively omnipotent government in contemporary times as something which is not only necessary, except in fact demonstrates both the triumph of humanity over the hostilities of nature, but also the attainment of justice is sometimes uncontrollable for me to see. On the former(a) hand, I have no issue with seeing that many other people, and in fact, people in powerful positions in government, belive this completely. When Hobbes writes that in so far I have set forth the nature of Man, (whose Pride and other Passions have compelled him to submit himselfe to Government) together with the great power of his Governour, whom I compared to Leviathan, pickings that comparison out of the two last verses of the one and fortieth of Job where God having set forth the great power of Leviathan, calleth him King of the Proud (Waller,1901, p. 231), I shudder to think that actual people in positions of power in the real world believe this as gospel. I think, specifically, of the Bush administrations recent attempt to expand presidential authority There is nothing, saith he, on earth, to be compared with him. He is made so as not to be afraid. Hee seeth any high thing below him and is King of all the children of pride. (Waller, 1901, p. 231)3. The Lesson of the Modern PresidencyThe logical outcome of the modern vision of the President as the leader of a specific political party, rather than the Constitutional conception of the President as a non-partisan arbiter of the Congress, is that exclusive presidential candidates, rather than the political parties themselves, would emerge as the foremost c onsideration in Presidential elections. Hobbes Leviathan needs a head and in modern times his admonition, quoted below, depends especially frighteningThe maintenance of Civill Society, depending on nicety and Justice on the power of Life and Death, and other lesse Rewards and Punishments, residing in them that have the Soveraignty of the Common-wealth It is impossible a Common-wealth should stand, where any other than the Soveraign, hath a power of giving greater rewards than Life and of inflicting greater punishments, then Death(Waller, 1901, p. 326)In practical terms, the rise of the candidate campaign has eliminated the old method of platform politics where a political parties ideological and issue-related stances are measured against one another with the direct contest between one candidate and another. One clear result of this practice is that individual candidates are now virtually dissected by the media and by prospective voters to measure their probable characters and defe cts. The fascination with individual manners, faux pas, manner of dress, speech, religious affiliation, past memberships in neighborly organizations or clubs, or even past associations with friends or acquaintances now play, arguably, a more important role than issues in recent Presidential elections.In modern Presidential politics, the political parties often seem like afterthoughts. The present day situation presents a precisely opposite vision of a Constitutional model for the American Presidency. Because the Presidential candidates are now regarded as leaders of their respective parties and not simply as nominees of them, the expectation is that a effrontery candidate will follow, to partisan exclusion, the aims and desires of his or her party. In fact, the expectation in modern politics is that the party and the candidate are virtually identical, but that in the retentive run executive, rather than democratic, authority is the final word. An entire library of observations co uld be written about the expansion of Presidential authority indeed, the totalitarianism of Presidential authority relative to political parties which is exemplified by the Bush administration.4. The Lesson of Plato and SlaveryWhen reading political philosophy, I am usually aware of historical relationships that might seem a bit odd to others. Therefore, my thinking about not only the historical, but contemporary, impact of African American slavery in America while reading Platos Republic may seem off-beat at first, but the thought-process I underwent, and the conclusions I drew are part of the important lessons about political philosophy I learned from class-readings. One thing that stood out for me in all three writers was the hierarchical fundamental assumptions that comprised the core-beliefs of all three philosophers works. An precedent of this rigid, hierarchical thinking is found in the following passage of the Republicthey should receive the laws from us in the finest po ssible way like a dye, so that their opinion about whats terrible and about everything else would be color- fast because they had gotten the proper nature and rearing, and their dye could not be washed out by those lyes so terribly effective at scouring, pleasure(Plato,1991, p.108)The kind of heathenish schism encouraged by this kind of thinking, is, in reality, both profound and of long duration. I started to wonder what it would be like if one ruling class, reared on the airy ideas of Plato, the objective and hierarchical ideas of Hobbes, and the self-interested mastery of Machiavelli enacted the principles set forth in these philosophies, not as mere ideas, but as deep culturally encoded principles. Obviously, it was not a stretch to think fo the history of African Americans, first subjected to the tyranny of slavery, then cast into the role of other after the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery, who became a culture without any identity other than that wh ich had been thrust upon them from their former masters.However, African Americans were cast into an equally prejudicial cultural role in America and this time, the justification for both Northerners and Southerners was that slavery, though evil, had at least(prenominal) allowed for the humanization of the African race. This deep-seated racism obstructed any chance for the African Americans in the post Civil War era to geminate a specifically African American culture of their one making and instead cast them back into a role very similar to the one they had industrious as slaves. The institution of slavery in America was malicious enough and long-lasting enough to genuinely sever African Americans from their historic cultural roots. The waiver of their indigenous culture gave rise to hybrid African American cultures and a search for African American identity which, although many gains in civil liberties and social awareness have taken place, continues to this day.My thought is th at any distinction of hierarchy where the intimation is that the rule of one class over another is both indwelling and necessary, will result in the erosion of culture in both the ruling and subjected classes. Plato ridicules such an ideaif the people are discontented and say that it is not just for a son in his prime to be supported by his father, but the reverse, the father should be supported by the son and that they didnt beget and set him up so that when he had grown great they should be slaves to their own slaves and support him and the slaves along with other flotsam, but so that with him as leader they would be freed from the rich and those who are said to be gentlemen in the city and they now bid him and his comrades to go away from the city like a father driving a son along with his trouble- some drinking fellows out of the house?(Plato, 1991, p. 118)However, I would suggest that the historical case of African American slavery represents a very apt model for how the poli tical philosophies of hierarchy can lead to enduring corruption because the contemporary political situation of the join States both domestically and internationally, is still very much connected to race and race-based hierarchies. By following Hobbes idea that the ruled must be led by their rulers, or Platos idea that the ruled should be indoctrinated to love their station in life, or Machiavellis idea that the ruled should be placated or tricked by their rulers into a state of passivity, there is a feeling in my mind that an entirely different mode of thinking could be and should be engaged, not to vindicate, but to rescue the world from the antiquated philosophies of the past.5. The Lesson of Machiavelli and AssassinationThe point at which the self-interest of leaders becomes, itself, the most dangerous threat to any nation, culture, or society, is among the most important lessons I learned from the class readings and I most specifically learned this from reading The Prince, whi ch I found to be, like Hobbes and Plato, much more illuminating on the subject of how Western society has viewed itself and its political institutions than as a penetrating glimpse into humanitys essential nature or future cultural and political existence.Machiavelli stresses that all acts of a political nature are rooted in self-interest. It is not a matter of public-service, but of public passivity and summon that drives the politician. Speaking of Oliverottos murder of his enemies, Machiavelli remarks After this murder, Oliverotto mounted his horse, paraded through the town, and besieged the chief officials in the government palace so that out of fear they were forced to obey him and to constitute a government of which he made himself prince (Machiavelli, 1998, p. 32). Implicit in this remark is not only the idea that murder can be an expedient political strategy but that any political act is partially only what it is perceived to be. Machiavelli mentions of Oliveratto And when all those were killed who, because they were discontented, might have harmed him, he built himself by instituting new civil and military institutions so that, in the space of the year that he held the principality,(Machiavelli, 1998, p. 32).In conclusion, the political philosophies of Hobbes, Machiavelli, and Plato represent a compelling arrangement of ideas which seem to have driven Western politics for centuries. However strong the rational conclusions, observations, and inspired thoughts of these past philosophers to my mind none of the theories offered seem to address the issues which seem most problematic and current in contemporary society. By following the ideas in these philosophical systems which elevate self-interest, social schism, warfare, and political expedience, the social, political, and cultural resources of the West are weakened, not strengthened.

Lamarcus Adna Thompson

?2009 The most influencing person in my life would induce to be the inventor of the first gravity-powered crimper coaster in the United States by LaMarcus Adna Thompson, also known as the Father of the Gravity Ride for his Switchback Railway at C sensationy Island, New York City and became known for the Scenic Railway on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1887. Thompson was born on March 8, 1848 in Jersey, Ohio. At the age of 12, he built a butter churn and an oxcart, and was a master carpenter by the age of 17. In 1866, Thompson graduated from Hillsdale College in Michigan.He worked in a wagon and carriage business then made a mint for the manufacture of seamless womens hosiery. In the early 1880s, Thompson almost had a flighty breakdown and thus sold his sh ar in the hosiery business and returned to his first passion of inventing. Thompson was inspired by the designs of other inventors and the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway in Pennsylvania. In 1884 in Coney Island, he had successfully built his version of the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway, which he just simply called it, the Switchback Railway.Within the next four years, he had built about fifty railways all over the nation and in Europe. As more sophisticated coasters were beginning to be built, Thompsons business was starting signal to go downhill. So Thompson paired up with James A. Griffiths, a designer, and produced his most famous attraction the Scenic Railway in 1887. It was a rolling travel of some elaborate artificial scenery with vividly colored tableaus, biblical scenes and flora-illuminated by lights triggered by approaching cars.This ride was the foundation of the Space Mountain of Disneyland in Anaheim, CA and other theme park journeys. Between the Switchbacks and his death on May 8, 1919, in Glen Cove, New York, Thompson had built many other scenic railways such as the masterpiece of faux-mountain and the Egyptian imagery in Venice, CA in 1910, which faced competition with his old partner James A. Griffiths. After he retired, he still patented an automatic car coupler and sold the invention to railroad car manufacturer, George Pullman. After Thompsons death his legacy still ived through and through the Thompson company coasters, notably the Bobs, which was later renamed the Tornado, built at Coney Island in 1926. From then on, many coasters deplete been built and thought of. They are very complex designs and have to be precise otherwise someone will get hurt. There are two types of roller coasters, steel and wooden. Steel roller coasters are known for their smooth riding usually taking the riders upside down, in cork screws, etc. Some of the designs for the tracks are dwelling, figure 8, inverted, launched, shuttle, side friction, spinning and crack roller coasters.The most popular coasters are the floorless, flying, stand-up, suspended swing, and the Virginia Reel. LaMarcus Adna Thompson has influenced me more than I realized. My dream out of college is to become a roller coaster designer and if he had neer invented the Switchback Railway I probably would be pursuing another career. I hope to be as successful as he was. I have learned to still be positive and stay focused on my goals in life now because the choices I make now will postulate the way my future is played out.Like school for instance, I need to keep my grades up even though I have only one year left of high school. One bad grade could greatly decrease my chances of going to a college of my choice rather than a college I have to go to because I have no other offers. Even if Thompson almost had a nervous breakdown he still has inspired me to keep go forward and to find comfort in the things that I find enjoyable. Yes, he did sell his part of the business but I would rather give up my part, than to bring everyone else down with me because that wouldnt be fair to them.I understand more now than I ever did that when you fail its only an obstructer in your path that wh en you overcome it, you become even stronger than before. You become more creative and see the things in life with a totally different horizon than you wouldve thought of before. Now that I have grown to become a better person to find the good in everything I do and to fall out my dreams with my chin up high even though I know that I will get shut out every now and then. nevertheless that only means that greater things for me are to come in the mere future.

Nature of the Consumer Decision Making Essay

IntroductionNow to a greater extent than ever in such a highly competitive business world were each reaping and go offered is competing with similar and alternative outputs, it is crucial from the businesses point of view that their harvest-time or service is of the highest standard possible. Correctly marketed a product could be infinitely successful, whilst on the other hand a poorly marketed product could be the death of it. From a marketers perspective it is them qualification the product what it is, from deciding consumers wants and needs, to adviseing these in an end product that satisfies these needs. In order for this to happen marketers must take into banknote the vast amount of cognitive puzzle outes the consumer goes through before, during and after making a corrupt. This report provides a view into the consumers conclusiveness making process, looking more(prenominal) depth into the role motivation plays in these determinations and the various theoretical puzz le frameworks that are accustomd in this process. The report allow also outline how a marketer crowd out use this knowledge to assist consumers in their purchasing choices and decisions throughout the report when applicable.The consumer decision making processFour views of consumer decision makingThe consumer decision making process is one that the consumer makes when making a purchase. There are different models that return been produced in time to support this idea, with four generalist views of consumer decision making, each highlighting different variables. These are the Economic view which focuses on the idea that the consumer makes decisions based on rational behaviour, i.e. cost verse benefits, will I get a good enough product service for my money?. Another view that marketers hold is the passive view in which opposes the scotch view by believing consumers to be submissive to all marketers gossip, stating that consumers are impulsive buyers, easily manipulated with merc handising efforts. Thirdly is the Emotional view which whitethorn be seen as irrational behaviour based on recoverings rather than any logical reasoning, i.e. decisions based on love, hope, sexuality etc. Fourth and probably the more or less prolific one would be the 5 stop (cognitive process).The 5 stage process outlines the cognitive procedure consumers go through when making decisions. Marketers will a good deal refer tothis model when accepting how to effectively influence the consumers choices. It shows that more consideration goes into the decision making process than just a purchase decision and thus far continues post-purchase. Although the consumer does not always necessarily follow each stage, aroundtimes they may skip stages when making more impulsive decisions or routine purchases.For practice session when considering this model it would be nave to think the consumer will put the same amount of thought into buying a pack of chewing gum at a freshsagent to buying a new car. The purchase of chewing gum is generally an impulsive decision that does not require much previous thought, whereas the purchase of a car is less routine and requires a lot of thought into varying f flirtors such as cost verses benefits. (Consumer Decision Making Process, 2008) Schiffman and Kanuk describe the process as being viewed in 3 distinct but interlocking stages, the input stage, process stage and output stage. Below is an extended model of this process, which includes foreign influences and psychological factors.Figure 1External InfluencesBefore the consumer redden has the thought of making a purchase, they are already influenced by two sources subconsciously, the first being the firms marketing efforts (the four Ps) which creates an awareness for the product via marketers attempts to inform and persuade the consumer through products, promotion, price and channels of distribution . Secondly, sociological influences reveal an underlying primitive need to fit in to certain social groups, flavorstyles, cultures etc. that are not instantaneously commercially related i.e. A neighbour or helper owning a product that an individual likes, therefrom perhaps creating a want for it. Consumer decision making modelThe decision making model as shown in figure 1 could reflect not only the cognitive view to decision making, but also the emotional view as it incorporates various socio-cultural input (as previously mentioned) that could be described as emotional based, and also psychological processes(discussed later)involved when truely making the decision. Looking at figure 1 the first stage of the decision process is the needrecognition, this is where the consumer realises a need for something. This could come from perhaps running out of something and needing more, or receiving information on a product from an external source that leads them to want it. This would logically then lead the consumer to the second bust of the process the pre-purch ase search, this is the point where the consumer begins to process the thought of what product may satisfy their need, they may base their ideas on previous experience and memories (psychological factors), or may opt to search for useful information to help in their decision ( introductory internet search).At this point the consumer is drawing up information from external sources and at the same time has psychological factors influencing their decision. i.e.Consumersmotivation, perception, learning, disposition and attitudes. Solomon (2006) addresses the fact to how much actual searching takes place, stating that younger, better educated people will spend more time searching/fact finding before making a decision in comparison to an older person, who has less available channels to search. He also says that women are more inclined to research products. A generalisation that is value keeping in mind from a marketers perspective as based on this possibleness it would be logical to fo cus marketing efforts at these for a more effective result. For example it would not be cost-efficient for a business to waste money trying to advertise a product to a social group that tends to have limited internet access, i.e. older people.The third stage of the process the evaluation of alternatives is probably the longest part of the decision making process in terms of time as the consumer has multiple factors to consider. At this point the consumer, given previous knowledge built up in the previous stage, now has to filter from the potentially hundreds of available possibilities. Perhaps using basic cost v benefits and perceived risk of alternatives, or even more complicated cognitive processes requiring more effort. The considered sets of choices are known as the evoked set The fourth stage enters the output area of the decision making process, this is where the consumer has made a decision and makes the purchase from the set of possibilities acknowledged in the evoked set, this would be classed as a trial purchase as the consumer has not previously tested the product.The other type of purchase would be the repeat purchase in which the consumer skips steps of the process because they already have a want for the product callable to alreadyusing it and needing more (brand loyalty). at one time purchased the next and final stage of the process would be the post purchase evaluation, consumers now evaluate their purchase decision, deciding whether they are totally happy with the product, or perhaps would have preferred one of the alternatives. At this point it is live for the marketers to make sure the consumers feels they made the right decision in choosing their product, as next time they will take their business elsewhere.Psychological factorsThe psychological factors in the human psyche that influence the input stage of the model are key tools that a marketer can use to utilise their relationship with the consumer. A good finding of each can help th e marketer focus efforts based around the consumers way of thinking. Consumer Personality this is what separates humans and reflects individual differences, personality is always consistent and enduring. Sigmund Freud famously split the complex subject into three interacting parts, ID, Superswelled head and Ego. The ID being your basic needs ( hunger, thirst and sex). Superego being the way the people act out their primitive needs in a socially acceptable manner (restraining impulsive ID feelings). Lastly the Ego is the consumers conscious talent to moderate the demands and constraints of the previous two. Freud believed that an individuals successfulness in tackling each stage will in turn reflect personality.For example a person can be fixated in later life through a dissatisfaction of needs in development stages in early life. i.e. if a child does not feel loved when developing it could leave them striving to feel it in later life, or perhaps opposing this lead them to not see k love delinquent to not experiencing it (a defining characteristic in any personality). From a marketers opinion a person could be easily manipulated in later life due to decisions they have made in earlier stages. Consumer Perception the active psychological process in which stimuli are selected and organised into meaningful patterns, (Buchanan, 1991). Perception is how humans interpret information they make pick up through sensations like sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch, and then respond to accordingly to create a perception. For example from the marketers perspective, it is crucial that the perception of their product or service to the consumer is good i.e. effective stimuli,as if the consumer gains a bad perception of a good they will not wish to purchase. Marketers can seek to improve brand perception through trials i.e. if consumer enjoys the product they will re-purchase based on previous experience.This would be one example of assisting a consumer in a purchase. Co nsumer Learning refers to a humans capacity to pick up knowledge, through information or experience on a product, directly or indirectly i.e. a consumer does not have to have tried a product to have a perceived familiarity with it, they may know somebody who has a familiarity and has told them about it, given them enough of an understanding to either like or dislike it. The general idea that when a product is completely unknown to the consumer that the quality of it is reflected in price. Consumer Attitudes An attitude in marketing terms is defined as a general evaluation of a product or service formed over time (Solomon, 2008). An attitude satisfies a personal motiveand at the same time, affects the shopping and buying habits of consumers.Dr. Lars Perner (2010) (Understanding Consumer Attitudes, 2010). For the marketers it is up to them to understand why certain attitudes exist and either work with them or seek to change them. Consumer Motivation defined by Schiffman and Kanuk ( 2010) as being the driving deplume within individuals that impels them to action. It could be referred to as the processes that cause people to behave as they do, from a psychological need to how they seek to satisfy it. Marketers can use identified motives to develop a better marketing mix giving them a better targeted marketing strategy.The role of motivationMaslows Hierarchy of of necessityDr Abraham Maslow formulated this hierarchy of needs as a system behind how human motivation works, a theory now widely accepted. Similarly to Freudian beliefs (the ID) that basic physiological needs have to be fulfilled in order to reach higher satisfaction. i.e. food, water, air, shelter and sex. Generally these needs are fulfil by the majority (unless homeless, then these would be entire needs). Once satisfied the next stage would lead to safety needs not only fleshly safety but also safety in terms of finance, stability, education etc. Once an individual believes the previous needs arem et they then consider social needs. These needs include love, affection and acceptance, all of which are socially desired by everyone as we are motivated to find good relationships. Once these needs are generally met, the ego needs of human nature come into play. The ego needs can be of two types, inward order i.e. self-esteem, success, personal satisfaction, or outwardly directed ego needs such as prestige, status and reputation. The ultimate need is for humans to reach self-fulfilment, to become the outperform of their potential (according to Maslow this need is rarely satisfied because generally ego needs are not fully satisfied)Alderfer (1972) describes there being two types of needs, a basic need (innate), innate needs being the basic train of needs relating to survival i.e. hunger, thirst and sex, and also Acquired needs which are picked up in life as a response to the environment and cultures. A theory echoed by Freud and also Maslow. Although Alderfer revised the latter s tages of Maslows hierarchy of needs by realising some of the middle stages overlap, confusion of these needs could lead a marketer to appeal to the wrong type of consumer. So Alderfer changed Maslows five stage process into a more simple three stage one, which is similar in the fact it represents levels of needs (pyramid). Although Alderfers model states that humans may be motivated by more than one need and non-reliant of satisfaction of each need for progression i.e. an artist who may place growth needs above existence.An article by Mark Rodgers called Challenging Maslow refers to the period of time in which Maslow has created this theory on motivation, stating that given the time in which it was created would not depict modern views to human motivation. Rodgers believes that Maslow produced his theory in a time when his home country had just emerged from a world war and out of the greatest depression of the 20th century, needs at this time would be lower as in physiological and s afety. Whereas nowa twenty-four hour periods with more than 50 years of economic growth, the average person enjoys a more stable lifestyle and allows them to have higher focused needs such as egoistic and self-actualization. (Rodgers, 2004) How marketers can apply understanding of these processes and motivation to assist consumers in purchasing decisions Developing on what has been previously touched upon it would be a fairjudgement to say that marketers have the ability to manipulate consumers entirely.Once they have understood consumers needs and wants they can use them again when producing a marketing plan to reposition a product or perhaps launch another. apply theories such as Maslows, marketers can advertise to specific motivational needs, using powerful marketing tools such as advertising. Advertisements are cues used to arouse needs, marketers therefore creates ads to aid consumer choices. Advertising techniques can attract maintenance by appealing to needs (innate) or per haps having such an image to create a new need or desire (acquired). They can advertise a product to directly stimulate levels of motivation i.e. Maslows self-fulfilment or Freuds super ego through making a product seem visually emphasised as a certain amount of perfection which would satisfy top level needs.Physiological arousal can be used to stimulate consumers most basic needs, for example a visually sexy advertisement would attract the attention of most adults, or perhaps an advertisement of a new burger at a fast food chain would focus to basic biogenic hunger needs. Cleverly marketed an advert can appeal to multiple needs, making a product seem vital for a consumer to own as it is seen as straight many needs, creating a strong chance of consumers purchasing this product.Looking into an emotional arousal view of marketing it can be seen that a lot of humanity based organisations use emotional advertising to trigger a sad response from the audience. For example an advert seek ing to create an awareness and revenue for starvation children of third world countries would seek to discomfort the viewer by highlighting their struggle to find satisfaction of their biological needs and contrast this with our perhaps redundant ego and self-fulfilment needs. This in turn triggers an emotional response, and perhaps self-disappointment which would lead the individual to donate sympathetically.ConclusionTo conclude, there has been a build-up of various consumer decision based theory and framework in this report that helps give an understanding to how the processes work, leading into motivation and various theory and models behind them. The theory can be applied directly when producing a marketing mix or segmenting the market, as it offers a clear insight into how thehuman mind operates when considering purchase decisions. Another key aspect of marketing, by gaining an understanding of the consumers wants and needs before creating a product and marketing campaign tha t could ultimately fail and cause substantial losses financially.Marketers nowadays have to be at the top of their game due to flooded markets with similar products they have to be able to communicate the benefits of their product to the consumer and how it may differentiate from competitors. Marketers have the ability to create a want for a product that would not previously have been desired and therefore have the ability to manipulate peoples needs throughout their lifetimes through this incredibly strong tool and the added benefit of ease of distribution channels of information through advancements in modern day technology.

History Quiz Essay

Religion plays a big role in the life of man. It throws us hope, faith and makes us call up that there is a Supreme existence out there that makes things possible for us. Religion has compete a big part in our cultural, social, moral and even political history and is still act today. There atomic number 18 several religions being practiced all over the serviceman today. Christianity ranks first having 2. 1 billion believers and followers, Islam is next having around 1. 5 billion Muslims and the third worlds largest is Hinduism.Majority of those who practice Hinduism settle from India, as this is because Hinduism originated from this country. Hinduism is more of a way of life, as it has been incorporated in the Indians way of vivification and not just as a religion. The primary text of the Hindus are the collection of Vedas which contain hymns, incantations, and rituals, to wit the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and the Atharva Veda (Hinduism). There are several beliefs that encompass all forms of Hinduism. First is their respect for the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.The Brahmans are the source of all things and is found in all things hence like a Supreme Being (Hindu beliefs). They also believe in reincarnation and karma. For them, when a person dies, its soul is transferred to another being. This being may or may not be human in form it may be an physical or an insect, dep completeing on your behavior from your previous life. If you were able to be good and do things the Hindu way, you volition have good karma, and your soul maybe transferred to a body of a human with high repose in society.If you have bad karma, your soul might become trapped inside an animal or an insect or in the body of a slave. Hindus are also expected to pass through the quartet stages of their life successfully. First is to pass the brahmacharga, then the grashta, the vanaprastha and finally the sanngasu. In the first stage the man-to-man is supposed to a cquire knowledge and develop character and is usually experienced during the school age. The second stage, the grastha, focuses the snapper historic period of your life on finding pleasures such as getting married and having a family and establishing a career.The vanaprastha is the stage to increase time in focusing on spiritual things and finally the sanngasu, the last years of ones life offered for contemplation (Hindu Rituals and Practices). Buddhism ranks fourth, after(prenominal) Hinduism with 324 million followers. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama, the enlightened one. Gautama Buddha, after having several years of privileged living as a prince, he decided to live a solitary life of a hermit in the woods. There he dedicated his life to meditation, which is at the heart of Buddhism (What is Buddhism).Like the Hindus, the Buddhists also believe in reincarnation. The soul volitioning be recycled and after rough time, if the soul releases itself from wo rldly desires it can now achieve Nirvana, a state of freedom from liberation and suffering. Buddhism includes the terzetto trainings or practices, the four noble truths, the five precepts and the eightfold path among its teachings. The three trainings or practices consist of the Sila, the Samadhi and the Prajna. Sila is the holiness which is based on two principles, the principle of equality and reciprocity.Samadhi is the mental development which controls and strengthens the mind. And finally the Prajna, which is wisdom. Buddhas four noble truths are as follows, the Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha and the Magga. The Dukkha tells us that there is suffering the Samudaya says that there is a cause, the Nirodha, that there is an end to the suffering and the Magga, to end the suffering the eightfold path should be followed. Just like the Christians Ten Commandments, the Buddhists have 5 precepts, and these are do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, do not misuse sex and do not consume alcoh ol or drugs.Finally, the eightfold path consists of the right understanding of the Four Noble Truths, right thinking, right speech, right conduct by following the Five Precepts, right livelihood, right Effort, right Mindfulness and right concentration, which is meditation (Buddhism based on the). Judaism ranks sixth with 14 million followers around the world. Majority of the Jews live in Israel, in the coupled States and in France. One of the oldest religions in the world, the Jews believe in an all-knowing divinity and that all things within that world were designed to have meaning and purpose as part of a divine order.The Jews dedicated text is the Torah, and they are preached by a Rabbi. Their symbol is the Star of David and they do not allow the denote or the spelling of their deity in full. They that the Ten Commandments are the most important teachings from the Torah 1. I am the victor your God 2. You shall not recognize the gods of others in My presence 3. You shall not t ake the Name of the Lord your God in vain 4. Remember the day of Shabbat to keep it holy 5. Honor your father and your stupefy 6. You shall not murder 7. You shall not commit adultery 8. You shall not steal9. Do not give false testimony against your neighbor 10. You shall not covet your fellows possessions The Jews do not believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah. For them, the Messiah will be a human being from King Davids family. The most widely-accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimons thirteen principles of faith. He says that God exists, is one and unique, incorporeal and is eternal. Also, that orison is to be directed to God alone, the words of the prophets are true, and that Moses was the greatest prophet, and his prophecies are true.The Torah was given to Moses and that there will be no other Torah. In addition to those, he says that God knows the thoughts and deeds of men, God will reward the good and punish the wicked, the Messiah will come, and that the dead will be resurrected (Basic beliefs of Judaism). Indeed, we have come to realize lifes emptiness without having faith. We may not entirely believe in a religion, but it still holds true that as human beings, our lives need direction and guidance.ReferencesAbout, Inc., A part of The forward-looking York Times Company. (2007). Basic Beliefs of Judaism. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//judaism. about. com/od/abcsofjudaism/a/beliefsbasic. htm About Buddhism. (2007). What is Buddhism. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www. aboutbuddhism. org/what-is-buddhism. htm/ Adherents. (1998). Top 10 Organized Religions in the World. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www. adherents. com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM. hypertext markup language Religion Facts. (2004-2007). Hindu Beliefs. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www.religionfacts. com/hinduism/beliefs. htm Religion Facts. (2004-2007). HinduRituals and Practices. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www. religionfacts. com/h induism/practices. htm Religious Tolerance. (2005-AUG-26). Hinduism A General Introduction. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www. religioustolerance. org/hinduism2. htm Religious Tolerance. (2005-AUG-26). Buddhism based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama. Retrieved January 01, 2007, from http//www. religioustolerance. org/buddhism. htm

Concepts of Morality Essay

Define and compare the concepts of righteousity, law, and faith by explaining the source of each and whether one or all rely upon each other. Morality has to do with our ideas regarding what is right and what is wrong and how right and wrong behavior should be punished and rewarded. http//www. education. com/reference/article/ object lesson-concepts-children/. As with the law and religion parts, they rely upon each other by the minds of many people. When apparitional leaders talk out on moral topics, their opinions are often treated with special deference. They are regarded as moral experts. This raises the question of Whether morality depends in some way on religion? The answer to this question whitethorn be of considerable practical importance. If morality does depend on religion, the process of secularization, in the course of which religious belief and practice wither away, seems to pose a serious threat to morality. Most of the discussion in this entry will address the issu e of whether moral requirements (obligations) and prohibitions (wrongness) depend on a deity of the signifier to which the major monotheisms of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are committed.Discussions of whether morality depends on religion frequently focus exclusively on the deontological domain. Deontology consists of a system of requirements, permissions, and prohibitions. It is structurally similar to systems of law. Hence its natural to think of deontology as the domain of moral law. The question arises as to whether moral laws binding force depends on the authority of a divine lawgiver or religion belief expert. http//www. highbeam. com/doc/1G2-3446801737. html.

Holistic Approaches to Development Essay

IntroductionMy focus with this assignment de straggle be on education as a whole and to demonstrate a companionship of key legislating in respect of curricula and initiatives within the widening tiddlerrens education work-force. I will do this through and through and through relevant reading and pick uping gained from personal buzz off, demonstrating a comprehension of the holistic nature of l coding and how it is real through crushride-appropriate activities. I intend to come out an comprehending of the types, bureau and functions of play. I will relate them to notional and practical models of play and learning practised at my setting, where the Primary familys Programme is implemented.The Primary Year Programme (PYP) takes a holistic approach in developing the complete electric razor. Practitioners endeavour to deliver a curriculum that is relevant and meaningful to the nestling. Piaget suggests the principal goal of education is to create people who are open fire did of original thought and of organism creative and not simply repeating what previous generations pay back done.The PYP is a Primary Curriculum recognised piece-wide and the PYP for other(a) Childhood synthesizes insights of educational research pioneers such as female horse Montessori and Rudolf Steiner who maintained that education should be understood as the art of cultivating the moral, emotional, physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions of the developing sister (J,1013). take over is child-centred activity that engages young children and promotes learning. Play is the means by which children involve sense of the world and is an stiff method of instruct young children. Play is a context for learning through which children organise and understand their social worlds as they actively engage with people, objects and representations.An holistic approach to education focuses on the whole child with consider and education being of equal importance and is known as a combined holisticapproach. Montessori and Steiner are among the some beta of the mevery education theorists who earn influenced the commission children are educated to solar day. cultivation through play is one of the key principles that they and other education theorists advocated.All children have the right to be in a safe and welcoming environment. Keeping children safe is of course a non-negotiable element of any early eld framework (Tickell, 2011.) In the United Kingdom thither is a wide clutch of legislation enacted specific exclusivelyy with the aim of protecting children and their families. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given legal force by The Early long time Foundation Stage (Welfare Requirements) Regulations. EYFS is the legal framework for the welfare and safeguarding of totally young children from deliver through to the end of the reception years in all types of early years education provision. study yield 1 -You will need to produce clear evi dence of your knowledge and understanding of key, new-made legislation & new initiatives pertinent to your setting practice. You can demonstrate this by discussing what is encompassed within the initiatives currently testify practice and identifying the various curricula available to parents, children and settings e.g. National Curriculum, The Early Years Foundation Stage, Steiner Approach, Montessori etc. Higher grades will be awarded if you can demonstrate a critical awareness of the importance of the key legislation & current initiatives pertinent to your chosen age digress within the setting. culture Outcome 2 You should show that you understand the nature and meaning of a holistic approach to learning and development, whilst recognising the need to give strategies for incorporating a clutch of holistic age related curriculum-based learning activities, which help promote development through play and. You should similarly identify specific aspects of your age-related res earch as being of significance to holistic development and explain their importance. To modify the grade you must show that you have considered a wide and comprehensive ambit of strategies for incorporating holistic age related curriculum -based learning activities, which will help development through play and learning in the setting.Remember that the essay is intended to show your ability to integrate ideas and information drawn from a range of sourcesFrom early in the 20th century, a number of holistic approaches to early education have been say forward and refined (ref needed) . The most important principle of holistic education being to engender and kindle a sense of wonder in the child. Montessori, for example, spoke of cosmic education, which helps the young person feel fork of the wholeness of the universe, so that learning will be innate(p)ly enchanting and inviting (Miller,2012 pg for a direct qoute).holistic education is founded on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life by connecting with the community, to the natural world and to spiritual values such as compassion and peace (J ? author ?, 2013).Miller image ? describes holistic education as.an attempt to return to the mysterious source of human creativity and authenticity for fresh inspiration. It seeks to enable the wholeness of the human being to emerge and develop as fully as possible. In contrast to progressive education, Holistic education sees the child as an emerging spiritual being within a larger planetary and cosmic ecology that extends beyond social and political realities. In Holistic education we must respond to the learner with an open, inquisitive mind, a loving heart and a sensitive understanding of the world he or she is growing into.. (Holistic teaching method, 2011).too long a qoute, break pass into own words please composition However, the Reggio Emilia approach to holistic education involves dealing with or rating the whole of somethi ng or someone, and not just a part of the whole (J ?, 2013). This approach besides places great emphasis on artistic self-expression and engaged creativity. Miller (2006) suggests that while there is clearly no one method, after reviewing a number of antithetic holistic teaching methodologies, he concluded that there are four key aspects of the holistic approach to teachingLearning is organic, emergent, experimental and based on cooperation.There is a strong sense of community and engagement between children, parents and educators where those members feel strongly to care for one anotherThere is a great respect for childrens inner life, with methods ranging from environmental spaces that promote time out of competitive nosier environments, to time to ask deeper questions about the meaning of life and spirituality.There are strong connections to nature, with the care and connection with the environment incorporated throughout the curriculum (Higgins, 2012)In keeping with a holisti c approach, the Priamary Years Progra (PYP) curriculum is an inquiry-based transdisciplinary curriculum. Pre-planned teaching is facilitated only in so far as it initiates unrestricted questioning and inquisitiveness. Children are given maximum opportunities for discovery. A childs questions are an important part of what happens in a PYP classroom.The school aims to develop the whole child, so while developing academic knowledge and skills, we also develop a childs social and emotional skills and understanding. Children are taught to be sympathize with individuals and encouraged to marque a positive difference in the world. The IB Learner Profile Attri stilles guides schools in their holistic approach to education and includes the social and emotional aspects of a childs school life.The PYP teaches students that they can make a difference in their lives by being independent and making good choices, for example by turning lights off to save energy when leaving the classroom, or re cycling materials to avoid unnecessary waste. physiologic education too is an integral part of the PYP curriculum and provides vital opportunities for the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of the child. In Nutbrowns (2012 pg ? ) review she asserts that, high quality early education and childcarecan have a positive long term impact on a childs subsequently learning and achievements. Connecting with nature is important for a childs spiritual development and should inform mundane activity. Incorporating holistic activity into the early childhood classroom provides opportunities for children to connect with nature. Activities such as characterisation classes in a park or other open-air neighbourhood location expose children to nature, while painting on mirrors helps develop self-awareness and spirituality by encouraging creativity and the representation of ideas while having fun. These are all straightforward, uncomplicated, activities that encourage a child t o be inquiring.Refs neededThe extreme heat and humidity at authentic times of the year in Hong Kong make it impractical to take children outside to explore and discover. When this happens, we do our best to bring the outside into the classroom. We use natural materials such as shells and leaaves to inspire and encourage creativity. We also provide tools to a greater extent normally associated with adult usage, such as cameras, this to illustrate the point that children are competent and heart-to-heart learners and able quickly to master relatively sophisticated technology.As our knowledge of each child increases and we accommodate more familiar with his or her interests, we use this and festivals such as Diwali, Christmas and Thanksgiving to inform our planning.Learning Outcome 3 This learning outcome requires you to show sound evidence of practical knowledge and understanding of theory-based and practical models of play and learning which incorporate examples of the different types, roles and functions of play in the widening childrens manpower setting. To improve you would need to demonstrate clear, concise, in depth evidence & knowledge/understanding, of the application of practical and supposed models of play and learning. Incorporating a range of examples of the different types, roles and functions of play.Smidt (2011) argues that Play may be defined as the behavior children, within a context, a culture, a family or a community explore or experience somethingthat excites and interests them and is fun. Through play, children learn to express or communicate their feelings (Smidt,2011.) Wood (2005) further supports this viewpoint by stating that Play activity entails a wide range of behaviour and may be found in different contexts and with multiple meanings for children and adults (Wood,2005.) A holistic, place-based, approach to learning utilises the local community and environment to teach subjects across the curriculum, emphasising hands-on real l ife experiences.Ref hereBlah Blah (2010) discusses how Various educational theorists have influenced the way young children are educated today. Among the most influential have been Rudolf Steiner and Maria Montessori ref. Both shared a belief in the importance of learning through their play. They believed that experimental learning through play was more effective teaching methods than ones that were directed and prescriptive ref. The Reggio Emilia approach, developed by Loris Malaguzzi,ref here emphasised the role of the child as a competent agent in his or her own learning. Within this setting, educators make informed choices about the pedagogical approaches and curriculum based on the theories and principles of Malaguzzi. There must be a reference or more within every paragraph to show where the info came from, its oddly important when discussing theory or viewpoints.Bruce (date) as cited in Smidt (date) clearly regards play as one of the most significant ways children learn. She refers to play as an integrating mechanism. When children are involved in self-chosen play, over which they have control of what they are doing, they are able to bring together many aspects of their learning, coordinating their activity in a way that brings about or creates new learning (Bruce, 1991 page ?), enabling discovery and hassle solving as the child becomes increasingly independent.There are play opportunities both inside the PYP (Primary Years Program) classroom and in the playground as the learning environment is equipped with material that provides for a range of creative learning. A PYP classroom reflects what Moyles (date) regards as one of the most significant aspects of play that of ownership, meaning that the child takes control overfinding answers to questions that interest him or her.Wood 2005) recognizes that Play cannot always be advantageously defined or categorised because it is always context dependent and the contexts are varied (Wood,2005). Types of pla y cognitive play, involved play, passive play, pretend and socio-dramatic. She discusses this viewpoint further by stating The context of play will finalize its nature and category, play is therefore context-dependent (Wood, 2005). However, as the context varies, so will the nature of play in which the child engages cognitive play, involved play, passive play, pretend play and Socio-dramatic play being the most important types.The physical development young children is also essential. Research has shown that physical activity in young children can enhance concentration, motivation, learning and well-being. Early Years educators use their knowledge of developmentally appropriate practice and the interests of the child to organise activities that provide opportunities for freedom of movement and physical stimulation.Refs needed throughout this paragraphPiaget, another theorist, (date, cited in?) believed that play and imitation were an important feature of his theory. He saw play as almost dainty assimilation without any attempt to adapt to outer reality (Wood, 2005). While Erikson ref thought the world of play was very important in the early stage of a childs development, providing, as it did, a safe place for a child to work through conflicts in its life. Piaget, Erikson and Vygotsky ref all agreed that children use play as a way of teaching themselves. A child plays through situations very much as adults might think through a problem or unmanageable circumstances in which they find themselves. Children, of course, can more readily and naturally engage in partiality play, when they delve into symbolic representations of objects and ideas by acting them out as part of a game or other form of play.ref Try to widen references from Wood, and use more than one ref in a paragraph. If you use the selfsame(prenominal) source within a paragraph, you can use the term (ibid) which means the same in Latin. You can only use it with the paragraph that youve cited the a uthor e.g. Wood (2005) claptrap blah blah (ibid) Its important you are using widerreading within and throughout the work.There should also be a conclusion, which shows awareness of good practice and professional development through the implementation of this module. Throughout the essay, you must show the ability to integrate a range of information, drawn from a wide and varied area of sources (LO 4)Learning Outcome 4 You will need to draw upon a range of contemporary source materials to inform your individual research into the impact of current/pending government initiatives & legislative factors on early years settings and the resultant age-related curricula delivered. Educational & researched-based journal articles afford the best opportunity of achieving this. Use of tertiary sources and of web-based material is permitted but is unlikely to attract significant additional marks. Sourcing and researching other related material may also earn additional marksConclusionHolistic ap proaches encompass, as the names suggests, a broad range of teaching goals and aspirations for childrens learning that extends well beyond academic learning into fields of social and emotional wellbeing. While this can at first seem overwhelming, teachers can find the small opportunities in their day to day practice to incorporate and extend ideas that promote connection, community and wellbeing.REFDruce, J. (2013) Holistic education , MOD001262 Holistic Approaches to learning . Print Anglia Ruskin University , Unpublished2012, Department for Education. (Foundations for Quality Nutbrown Review) pdf UK Department for Education. Available at http//www.gov.uk Accessed 06 December 2013.Dame Clare Tickell (2011) The Early Years Foundation for life, health and learning . capital of the United Kingdom Crown .Druce, J. (2013) Holism (Noun), Holistic Approach to maturation . Print Anglia Ruskin University, UnpublishedHolistic Education (2011) Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in Holistic Edu cation Online Available at http//www.hent.org/glossary.htm Accessed 15 December 2013Natalie Higgins (2012) Exploring Holistic Approaches for Early Childhood Educators Online Available at http//www.raisinglearning.com.au Accessed 12 December 2013Ron Miller (2012) Holistic Education A Brief Introduction Online Available at http//www.Pathsoflearning.net Accessed 12 December 2013Smidt, S (2011) Playing to Learn. UK Routledge.Wood, E (2005) Play, Learning and the Early Childhood Curriculum . 2nd ed. London Sage Publications .